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Albino (chess)

An Albino is a chess problem in which, at some stage in the solution, a white pawn standing on its starting square makes each of its four possible moves: one square forward, two squares forward, capture to the left and capture to the right. When a black pawn exhibits similar activity, it is instead termed a Pickaninny.

A simple example of an Albino is the probem to the right, a mate in 2 (white moves first and must checkmate black in two moves against any defence). It is by Camil Seneca and was first published in the April 1949 edition of the Bulletin Ouvrier des Echecs. The key (first move of the solution; see chess problem terminology) is 1.Nb1 (see algebraic notation). This threatens 2.Ra3#. Black has four ways to defend against this, each of which leads to a different move of the white pawn. After 1...Bb3, this only move that mates is 2.cxb3# (the pawn captures to the left). After 1..Bd3, the only mate is 2.cxd3# (capturing to the right). After 1...Bb5 only 2.c3# will do (forward one square; 2.c4 is no good because the b4 square needs to be covered by the pawn now the white queen has been cut off). After 1...Bd5 only 2.c4# will do (2.c3 is no good, because black could play 2...Bb3).

The Albino pawn moves need not necessarily be in the post-key play of the problem--they can instead be tries (these are moves which almost solve a problem but which fail to a single black defence). The mate in 2 to the right, which combines the Albino with a Pickaninny, is an example. It is by Lev Loshinsky, and was published in Moskau-Rostow in 1930. The key is 1.Nfd5 (threatening 2. Qf4#) with the variations 1...g5 2. h8=Q#; 1...Rxc3/Rxd5 2.Qf5#; and 1...Rd4 2.Qxg7/f5#. The main point of the problem, however, is in the Albino tries, each of which is refusted by a Pickaninny defence. The relavent variations are:

In each of these cases, there are other ways for black to counter white's threat, but the Pickaninny move is the only one that doesn't give white a new mate (for example, after 1.exf3, Bg6 prevents white's threats, but is no good because it allows 2.Rxe6#).

The nature of the Albino theme is such that in orthodox chess there must be at least four variations to show the four different moves of the white pawn. However, if the rules of circe chess are applied, the number of required variations can be reduced to two (circe is a chess variant in which captured pieces, rather than being removed from the board, are returned to their home squares). The problem to the right is an example; it is by Adrian Storisteanu and was first published in the British Chess Magazine in 1976. The problem is a helpmate in 2, which means black moves first and cooperates with white to move to a position where black is in checkmate after white's second move. This problem features grasshopperss (represented here by inverted queens), a fairy chess piece which moves along the same lines as a queen, but which must "hop" over another piece (friendly or enemy) and land on the square immediately beyond.

There are two solutions to the problem (note that in helpmates, black's moves are given first):

The first solution has the white pawn moving forward one square, then, after its rebirth on c2, capturing to the right; the second solution has the pawn first moving two squares and then capturing to the left. Problems like this, showing an Albino is less than four variations, are very unusual.