Andreas Georgios Papandreou, Ανδρέας Γ. Παπανδρέου (5 February 1919 - 23 June 1996), Greekeconomist and politician, served twice as Prime Minister of Greece (October 21, 1981-July 2, 1989, October 13, 1993-January 22, 1996).
Papandreou was born in Chios, Greece, the son of the leading Greek Liberal politician George Papandreou. His mother, born Sofia Mineyko, was Polish. He attended the University of Athens from 1937, and from 1938 he active in Trotskyist groups. When the dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas was established in 1939, he was arrested, imprisoned, and tortured. It is, however, alleged in subsequent Trotskyist accounts that he and some other arrested students gained release by collaborating with the police. He was then able to use his family connections to leave the country.
In 1942 Papandreou enrolled at Harvard University, where he completed a doctorate in economics. He remained at Harvard as a lecturer and associate professor until 1947. In 1944 he became a United States citizen and served in the United States Navy. He then held professorships at the University of Minnesota, Northwestern University, the University of California, Berkeley (where he was chair of the Department of Economics), the University of Stockholm and York University in Toronto, Canada. In 1951 he married an American, Margaret Chant, with whom he had three sons and a daughter.
Papandreou returned to Greece in 1959, where he headed an economic development research program. In 1960 he was appointed Chairman of the Board of Directors and General Director of the Athens Economic Research Center and Advisor to the Bank of Greece. In 1963 his father George Papandreou, head of the Centre Union party, became Prime Minister of Greece. Andreas became his chief economic advisor. He renounced his American citizenship and was elected to the Greek Parliament in 1964. He immediately became Minister to the First Ministry of State (in effect, assistant Prime Minister). His rapid rise provoked resentment and was a factor that led to the fall of George Papandreou's government: in 1965 George Papandreou wanted to fire the defense minister and sought to take the post himself while the "Aspida" conspiracy within the Army, said to involve Andreas, was being investigated.
When the Greek Colonels led by George Papadopoulos seized power in April 1967, Andreas and George Papandreou were both imprisoned. George died under house arrest in 1968, and Andreas was again expelled from the country. In exile, he formed a new radical party, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), and toured the world rallying opposition to the Greek military regime. Despite his long residence in the United States, he held the Central Intelligence Agency responsible for the 1967 coup and became increasingly anti-American.
Papandreou returned to Greece after the fall of the junta in 1974. At that year's elections, PASOK received only 13.5% of the vote, but in 1977 it polled 25%, and Papandreou became Leader of the Opposition. At the 1981 elections, PASOK won a landslide victory over the conservative New Democracy Party, and Papandreou became Greece's first socialist Prime Minister.
In office Papandreou had to backtrack from much of his inflammatory campaign rhetoric. Greece did not withdraw from NATO, United States troops were not ordered out of Greece, belligerent language about Turkey and Cyprus was dropped, and Greek negotiations to join the European Union continued. In domestic politics Papandreou's government carried through sweeping liberal refoms of social policy, but there was little specifically socialist about its actions in office.
Papandreou was easily re-elected in 1985, but in 1989 the elections produced a deadlock, which led to a prolonged political crisis. Eventually the New Democracy leader, Konstantinos Mitsotakis, succeeded in forming a government. From this time on Papandreou's career became increasingly surrounded by controversy and scandal. In 1989 he divorced the widely-respected Margaret Papandreou and married an Olympic Airways hostess, Dimitra Liani. This led to estrangement from his adult children, one of whom, George Papandreou, was by this time a senior PASOK minister.
In the same year, Papandreou was indicted by Parliament in connection with the US$200 million Bank of Crete embezzlement scandal. He was accused of helping the embezzlement by ordering state corporations to transfer their holdings to the Bank of Crete, where the interest was allegedly skimmed off to benefit PASOK. He was cleared of all wrongdoing in January 1992.
Papandreou confounded his critics by winning elections in October 1993, mainly by exploiting Greek nationalist sentiment over the Macedonia issue. But Papandreou's fragile health kept him from exercising firm political leadership. His wife became increasingly influential and it was alleged that she was preventing him from retiring. Papandreou was hospitalised with advanced heart disease and kidney failure in November 1995, and finally retired from office on 21 March 1996. He died in June. His funeral procession produced the greatest outpouring of public emotion ever seen in modern Greece.
Andreas Papandreous was an intensely polarising figure. He was a powerful orator and was adored by the working class and many people in rural Greece who warmed to his populist attacks on the rich and his romantic Greek nationalism. Political conservatives detested him, believing him to be a corrupt demagogue who ruined Greece's reputation and antagonised her neighbours. His successor in office, Costas Simitis, has abandoned many of his policies, but is seen as a dull technocrat in comparison. Papandreou's son, George Papandreou, is widely seen as the next leader of PASOK.Early life and career
Political career
Legacy