The Battle of Hattin in 1187 was a major setback in the fortunes of the Crusader movement, enabling the Muslims to regain control of Jerusalem from the Christians.
| Battle of Hattin | |
|---|---|
| Conflict | Crusades |
| Date | July 4, 1187 |
| Place | Near Tiberias |
| Result | Muslim victory |
| Combatants | |
| Crusaders | Muslims |
| Commanders | |
| Guy of Lusignan Raymond III | Saladin |
| Strength | |
| About 22 000 | Unknown |
| Casualties | |
| Unknown | Unknown |
The Darb al-Hawarnah road, built by the Romans, served as the main east-west passage between the Jordan fords, the Sea of Galilee and the Mediterranean coast. Saladin had taken Tiberias, to the east, on July 2, 1187 with only a small portion of his overall forces, largely due to infighting and confusion among the Christian forces. Raymond III of Tripoli, whose wife Eschiva was being held in Tiberias, and King Guy of Jerusalem were at Acre with the bulk of the Christian army, which consisted of 1200 knights, possibly as many as 20 000 foot soldiers, and a large number of mercenaries hired with money donated to the Kingdom by Henry II of England. Raymond argued that a march from Acre to Tiberias in mid-summer would be suicidal, but due to internal court politics and accusations of cowardice, King Guy ordered the army to march immediately against Saladin at Tiberias.
The Christians began their march from Sephoria on July 3, and were almost immediately under harassment from the Muslim forces. By noon on that day Saladin had joined his forces at Kafr Sabt, and sent his army to engage the Christians once they had left the spring at Turan, preventing them from retreating toward the safety of the water source. The Christians were forced to make camp in the middle of the plain, surrounded by the Muslim army, and Saladin's forces started fires around the camp during the night to make the situation worse for King Guy's army.
On the morning of July 4, the Christians broke camp and began making for the springs of Hattin, but their ragged approach was viciously attacked by Saladin's army and the Christians were annihilated; thousands were killed and the cream of the Christian army was destroyed practically at a stroke. The Knights Templar were separated from the main force and destroyed by Muslim archers, while Count Raymond fled the battle when it became obvious the Christians would not win. The Muslims captured the royal tent of King Guy, as well as the True Cross, a relic sacred to the Christian forces. Saladin took Guy prisoner, as well as Raynald of Chatillon, whom Saladin personally executed, fulfilling a threat he had made when Raynald had been harassing Muslim trade and pilgrimage routes earlier in the decade. The Master of the Knights Templar was also captured. By mid-September, Saladin had taken Acre, Nablus, Jaffa, Toron, Sidon, Beirut and Ascalon, and Jerusalem fell to the Muslim army on October 2, 1187, making the beginning of the end for the Christian presence in the Outremer.
News of the disastrous defeat at Hattin was the catalyst for the formation of the Third Crusade.