Battle of the Sabis

The Battle of the Sabis, also known as the Battle of the Sambre, was fought in 57 BC between the forces of the Roman Republic and an association of Belgic tribes in Gaul. Julius Caesar, commanding the Roman forces, was surprised and nearly defeated. However, a combination of determined defense, skilled generalship, and the timely arrival of reinforcements allowed the Romans to turn a near-defeat into a crushing victory.

Prelude

In the year 57 BC, a large group of Belgic and Celtic tribes in the area of modern-day France and Belgium mobilized to drive out their Roman conquerors. The union included the Bellovaci, Suessiones, Nervii, Atrebates, Ambriani, Morini, Menapii, Caleti, Veliocasses, Viromandui, Aduatuci, Condrusi, Eburones, Caeroesi, and Paemani tribes, and was under the leadership of Galba, king of the Suessiones. Due to poor coordination of effort, the union collapsed in the face of quick military action by Caesar, and most tribes ceased hostilities. However, four tribes, the Nervii, the Atrebates, the Aduatuci, and the Viromandui, refused to give in.

Battle

The Nervii, the Viromandui, and the Atrebates had collected their forces on the south bank of the river, hidden in some trees about two hundred feet from the bank. The Aduatuci were not present, but were marching to join them. As the Romans approached from the northeast, Caesar deployed skirmishers to the other side of the river to occupy the Belgic cavalry, which retreated into the woods. In the meantime, the Romans began to build their camp for the night.

Estimates of the forces available to each side vary, but the eight roman legions had a strength in the neighborhood of 35,000 to 40,000 foot, with associated archers and cavalry. A conservative estimate of the Belgic forces gives them 80,000 men, though they may have had up to 120,000, almost entirely infantry and hidden in the woods. The few Belgic horse were in the open land between the trees and the river bank. The Roman forces were somewhat scattered and occupied with foraging for materials and constructing a marching camp. At the start of the battle, they arrayed themselves roughly in a line of six legions, with two more legions guarding the baggage train about two miles in the rear.

As the Roman baggage train came into view, the Belgic forces rushed out of the trees and completely surprised their opponents, overwhelming the Roman skirmishers and quickly crossing the river (then 3 feet deep). Caesar's men quickly prepared for battle, but many did not even have time to put on their helmets or grab their shields.

The four legions on the Roman left flank quickly became locked with the onrushing Belgae on the north bank of the river. The 9th and 10th legions, on the extreme left, engaged the Atrebates and drove them across the river, slaughtering them as they fled. The 8th and 11th legions in the Roman center made slower, but steady, progress against the Viromandui. As these four legions pushed their opponents back, a gap formed in the Roman line. The Nervii rushed through the opening, seizing the Roman camp and attempting to outflank, from the inside of the line, the two legions of the Roman right, the 7th and 12th. Vastly outnumbered, the Romans could only hold their position.

After overcoming the Atrebates and seizing the Belgic camp on the south bank, the 10th legion was sent back across the river to retake the Roman camp, possibly with assistance from the 13th and 14th legions, which had been guarding the baggage train and were now rushing to join their comrades. The arrival of reinforcements and the demoralizing loss of the Belgic camp allowed the Romans to drive the Nervii off, and they and the remainder of the Atrebates and Viromandui fled. The Aduatuci never arrived in time to take part in the battle.

Source: Caesar, C. Julius. The Gallic War. Trans. Carolyn Hammond. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.