Bratislava
Bratislava is the capital and largest city of Slovakia and has a population of approximately 430,000 inhabitants. Bratislava is situated at the Danube River, immediately at the state borders to Austria and to Hungary, and relatively close to the border of the Czech Republic. It is located only some 60 km from Vienna (45-65 minutes by train). The town has the highest density of population in Central Europe. The Carpathian Mountains begin in the town's territory (Malé Karpaty, "Little Carpathians"). Bratislava is the seat of the Slovak presidency, parliament and government. There are universities, relatively many museums, theaters and other cultural institutions (for example, a famous philharmonic orchestra) in the town. Traditionally, the town has been influenced by several nations (Austria, Hungary, Slovakia and others). As is common for former cities of the Austro-Hungarian Empire it had other names in common use until World War I: Pressburg (German, today still the official alternative German name), and Pozsony (Hungarian).
Old Town of Bratislava viewed from the Castle
Basic data
Area: 367, 6 km2
Location: 48°10' northern latitude, 17°10' eastern longitude; 140m about sea level (min. 126m, max. 514m); on both banks of the Danube, at the foot of and in the Little Carpathians, at the frontiers to Austria and Hungary
Climate: mild; annual mean temperature: 9. 9 °C, hours of sunshine per year 1976.4, average rainfall per year 527.4 mm (as of 1993)
Population: see below
History
for a more comprehensive history (as well as historic personalities and the ethnic structure of the town) see the article History of Bratislava
623-658: part of King Samo's Empire
1536-1784: capital of Hungary (whose territory only consisted until 1699 of today's Slovakia and parts of today's Western Hungary, because the Turks ruled Buda at that time); the Kingdom of Hungary was part of the Habsburg (i. e. Austrian) Monarchy from 1526 to 1918
1542-1848: meeting place of the Hungarian Diet (with short interruptions)
1563-1830: coronation town for Hungarian kings (St. Martin's Cathedral (see the picture))
since the 18th century: a center of the Slovak national movement
1969-
1992: the capital of the
Federal State of Slovakia within Czechoslovakia
Names of the city
The main known names of the town were as follows:
- 805/7(maybe): Wratisslaburgium, Pisonium (Latin)
- late 9th century(?): Braslava (assumed medieval Slavic form, probably after a Slav prince Braslav)
- around 850 : Istropolis (Greek, stems from the christianisation period, has been later used by king Matthias Corvinus)
- 907: Brezalauspurc(h) (the first sure name; found in the Salzburg Annals; very probably derived from Braslava—see above; some sources: derived from the name Predslav, the 3rd son of Svätopluk, see also after 1001; note that "P" and "B" are very often interchanged in Austrian and Bavarian local and family names )
- after 1001: Preslav(v)a
- 1002: Poson (Hungarian form, probably after the 9th century Slav prince Božan)
- 1042: Brezesburg
- 1045: Bosenburg
- 1048: Brecesburg
- 1052: Poson, Brezisburg, Bresburc, Preslawaspurch
- 1098: Prespurch
- 1107: Bosan
- 1108: Preburch, Bosania, Prespurch, Bresbruch, Prespuerch, Brespurg, Posonia, Possen
- 1109: Bosan, Presburch
- 1142: Poson
- 1143: Bosonium
- 1146: Bosan
- 1147: Prespurch
- 1151 and 1163/4: Posonium (Latin, origin like Poson above)
- 1172 and 1194: Poson
- 1189: Bosonium, Brezburc, Bosonium quod Prespurc teutonice nuncupatur, Brisburc, Posonium
- 1197: Posony
- 1217: Posonia
- ...
- later also:
- - German: Pressburg, Preßburg
- - Greek: Istropolis (meaning "the Danube City")
- - Latin: Posonium
- - Hungarian: Pozsony
- - Slovak: Pressporek (1773), Prešporok (later) – stems from the German form
- - French: Pressbourg – see e. g. the corresponding street name in Paris
- - English: Pressburg(h), Pressborough
- 1918 temporarily: Wilsonovo mesto (i. e. "Wilson City", after US-president Wilson)
- since 1919: Bratislava (official name, origin unknown: some say it stems from the 19th century from members of the Slovak movement, others say from the US-president Wilson, in any case, it is probably a mutilation of the old Slavic form Braslava)
Sights
Bratislava is picturesquely situated on both banks of the Danube, at the base of the outlying spurs of the Little Carpathians, in a position of strategic importance near the Devín Gate (earlier called Hainburger Pforte or Porta Hungarica), and the area includes a picturesque old town.
One of the most conspicuous buildings of the town is the Bratislava Castle situated on a plateau 270 ft. above the Danube. The castle exists since time immemorial, has been the acropolis of a Celtic town, a part of the Roman Limes Romanus, a huge Slav fortified settlement and a political, military and religious center of Great Moravia. A castle of stone was built only in the 10th century (part of Hungary), it was turned to a Gothic anti-Hussite fortress under Sigismund of Luxemburg in 1430, in 1562 to a Renaissance castle, and in 1649 a baroque reconstruction took place. Under queen Maria Theresa, the castle was turned into a prestige seat of the royal governor Albert von Sachsen-Teschen, the son-in-law of Maria Theresa, who founded the Albertina picture gallery in the castle, which was later moved to Vienna. In 1784, when Bratislava ceased to be the capital of Hungary, the castle was turned to a school for Catholic clergy, and later in 1802 to barracks. In 1811, the castle was inadvertently destroyed by fire by the soldiers of the barracks and was in ruins till the 1950s, when it was reconstructed mostly in its former Maria Theresa style.
Another castle is the Devín Castle (still in ruins) in the city part Bratislava-Devín. It is situated on the top of a high rock at the point where the March (Morava) River, which forms the boundary between Austria and Slovakia, falls into the Danube. It is one of the most important Slovak archaeological sites and has been –thanks to its excellent location –a very important frontier castle of Great Moravia and the early Hungarian state. It was deliberately destroyed by Napoleon troops in 1809 and is an important symbol of Slovak and Slavic history.
Yet another castle, built in 1813 and turned to English Gothic style castle in the late 19th century, is situated in the city part Bratislava-Rusovce, otherwise known for ruins of Roman "Gerulata" settlements.
Other noteworthy buildings are:
- the St. Martin's Cathedral (a Gothic edifice of the I4th-15th century replacing an older church from the 13th century) in which many of the Hungarian kings were crowned
- Bratislava's Town hall (a complex of 14th-15th century buildings) containing an interesting museum – the City Museum founded in 1868
- Bratislava's Franciscan church, dating from 1297
- the building of the University Library (erected in 1756) where the sittings of the Hungarian diet (parliament) were held from 1802 to 1848
- the Primate´s Palace (erected in 1781) in which the (4th ) Peace of Pressburg has been signed
- the beautiful National Theatre (built in 1886), and
- the Michael's Gate (early 17th century), the only still existing tower of the town wall
- the narrowest house in central (or maybe in whole) Europe (just behind the Michael's Gate)
In general, the historic center is characterized by many
baroque palaces. The Grassalkowitch palace (around 1760), for example, is now the residence of the Slovak president, and the former archiepiscopal palace (1614-1765, the former summer residence of the archbishop of Esztergom) is now the seat of the Slovak government.
Economy
The economy of Bratislava is based mainly on services, engineering (Volkswagen) and electrical industry; there is also an important international road and railroad junction, "M. R. Štefánik" international airport, and a river port.
The GDP per capita (PPP) reaches 98% of the EU average (or 108% of the EU+ acceding countries average), which is the second highest level of all regions in all aceeding countries (Eurostat, data as of 2000, see for example: [1])
Territorial division
- 5 districts (for the purpose of national administrative division):
Bratislava I (covers the city)
Bratislava II (covers the east and southeast)
Bratislava III (covers the north and northeast)
Bratislava IV (covers the west)
Bratislava V (covers the right river bank, i.e. the south, esp. the largest city part Petržalka)
- 17 "city parts" (for the purpose of municipal administrative division and of serving as entities to which the town delegates its powers and functions imposed by law on communities), the number in brackets shows the corresponding district:
1 Staré Mesto (I) ["Old Town"]
2 Ružinov (II)
3 Vrakuňa (II)
4 Podunajské Biskupice (II)
5 Nové Mesto (III) ["New Town"]
6 Rača (III)
7 Vajnory (III)
8 Karlova Ves (IV)
9 Dúbravka (IV)
10 Lamač (IV)
11 Devín (IV)
12 Devínska Nová Ves (IV)
13 Záhorská Bystrica (IV)
14 Petržalka (V)
15 Jarovce (V)
16 Rusovce (V)
17 Čunovo (V)
- 20 "cadastral areas" (townships): they are identical with the above city parts, except that:
Nové Mesto is split in Nové Mesto + Vinohrady, and
Ružinov is split into Ružinov + Nivy + Trnávka
Population
Bratislava has 428 672 inhabitants with an average age of 38,7 y [2001 census], out of which:
- in Districts: Bratislava I 44 798, Bratislava II 108 139, Bratislava III 61 418, Bratislava IV 93 058, Bratislava V 121 259
- Nationality: Slovaks 391 761, Hungarians 16 451, Roma 417, Czechs 7 972, Moravians 635, Ruthenes 461, Ukrainians 452, Germans 1 200, Poles 339, Croats 614
- Religion: Roman Catholics 243 048, Protestants of Augsburg Confession 24 810, Greeks Catholics 3 163, Reformed Christians 1 918, Orthodox 1 616, Jehovah's Witnesses 1 827, Methodist Protestants 737, Baptists 613
- Age: 0 – 5 : 4. 1 %, 6 – 14: 9. 8 %, Productive Age: 62, 9 %, Post-productive Age: 19%
External link
Official website (Slovak, English)