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2 20th century 3 Modern times 4 Outsider Perceptions 5 Quebec 6 The snow, the ice and the cold of a long winter 7 Trivia 8 External Sources 9 Reference |
For many years, the English Canadian identity was largely defined by British influences, and a desire among Canadians to retain British culture and traditions. This goes back to English Canada's Loyalist founding, by refugees of the American Revolution. The Loyalists wanted a nation that would preserve the existing status quo that had existed under British colonial rule, and Canada was thus created to fill this desire.
In those early years most Canadians of English or Scottish descent considered themselves as British subjects and rejected vehemently the very word "Canadian". Canada's first Prime Minister, Sir John A. MacDonald played to these feelings when he famously declared "A British subject I was born, and a British subject I will die!"
In contrast, the French-speaking residents usually called themselves Canadians and wished for a country which would not always depend on Great Britain for political direction or financing.
As the 20th century dawned, the Dominion of Canada began to seek out greater independence from Britain (see: Statute of Westminster), but still remain loyal to the larger Empire. However, the hardships Britain endured in two successive world wars greatly crippled the superpower nation, and quickened the decline of the once mighty British Empire. Britain thus could neither afford, nor had any great desire to continue playing the mother role to Canada. Canada was thus forced to seek closer ties with her North American neighbour, the United States.
The collapse of British imperial leadership, as well as the consequences of the Statute of Westminster had large consequences for the Canadian national identity. Canada could no longer simply see herself as a child in a grand imperial family under mother England. She was now a completely sovereign nation, sharing a border with a superpower which was also her main business partner.
Since World War II, Canadians have thus struggled to decide what it is exactly that "makes them Canadian." Though Canadians continue to live under the same Crown as the United Kingdom, the British aspect of the national identity is barely evoked anymore.
Canadians now usually define themselves by comparing their differences with the United States. Some Canadians argue that government policies such as publicly funded medicine, taxation, and gun control make their country different from the United States. These differences also have played a significant role in migration of citizens of both countries to the other.
In a poll that asked what institutions made Canada feel most proud about their country, number one was health care, number two was the CBC, and number three was peacekeeping.
Canadians are in general a people quite obsessed with international recognition. Because of the strong internal desires to establish Canada as a nation culturally and politically distinct from the United States, Canadians often expect people from other countries to be aware of, and applaud this approach. There is a widespread belief within Canada that Canadians are generally "more liked" than Americans, and are treated with more respect when traveling to foreign lands. Many Canadians in turn wear Canadian flags on their suitcases and clothing when traveling, in an attempt to encourage such "better treatment" and not be mistaken for Americans. There is some dispute over the prevalence of this assumed international hospitality, however. Canadian author Will Furguson once said that Canadians confuse being "less hated" than Americans with being "better liked" than them.
Despite the Canadian culturally adversorial relationship with America, Canadians often remain very interested in how Canadians are portrayed in American pop culture and eleswhere. An episode of The Simpsons in which the family traveled to Canada was one of the most-watched TV programs in Canadian history. There is a widespread belief among Canadians that Americans are laughably ignorant of their neighbour to the North, which partially explains the interest in Americans views on Canada.
Although to many outsiders, one defining factor of Canada's identity would appear to be the presence of the French-speaking province of Quebec, many Canadians have mixed feelings. While Quebec's distinct language and customs are accepted and embraced by Canadians who enjoy Canada's multiculturalism, Quebec's repeated attempts at political separation from Canada have made the province appear distant and foreign to the residents of many other provinces, especially in the West. Many Quebec separatists insist that they are not Canadian, and instead members of a distinct nation.
The French-speakers of Quebec who are defenders of the federal government and who call themselves Canadians most of the time (a lot of them prefer being known as Montrealers some of the time) are all too often forced into thinking of themselves as being part of a distinct nation because of the pervasive reality of the culture of Quebec which is made of six million francophones trying to survive within an ocean of 330 million anglophones.
Most of Canada's recent prime ministers have been from Quebec, and thus have tried to cool relations with the province with a number of tactics, notably bilingualism, in which all commercial packaging in Canada is printed in French and English and public schools teach French as a second language. Again, while this bilingualism is a notable feature to outsiders, the plan has been less than warmly embraced by many English Canadians who resent the extra administrative costs and the requirement of many key federal public servants to be fluently bilingual. Furthermore, despite the widespread introduction of French-language classes throughout Canada, very few anglophones are truly bilingual outside of Quebec. Many English Canadians therefore do not eagerly embrace bilingualism as a defining and admirable feature of their nation.
Things are complicated by sharp differences in the perception of the nature of bilingualism and bilingual individuals, whether one lives and works in English or in French, in Quebec or in the other provinces.
To give but one example: While in most English parts of Canada recent prime ministers like Brian Mulroney and Paul Martin are seen as "coming from Quebec" because they were born there or because they have been consistently elected to Parliament by Quebec voters, the same individuals are seen as representatives of English Canada by nearly all citizens of Quebec, because for them the mother tongue or culture and not geography is the main criterion in identity. Even Pierre Trudeau is considered in Quebec as being at least partly a representative of English Canada, because his mother, Grace Elliott, was an English-speaker of Scottish ancestry. In this view of things most of Canada's recent prime ministers have been representatives of English Canada and only three (Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Louis St. Laurent and Jean Chrétien) out of a total of 21 were really truly pure laine, or from traditional Quebec society.
Given this and differences in viewpoints on such matters as the relative importance of commercial packaging, language laws and customs, and otherwise trivial cultural things it is not always easy for a French-speaking Canadian citizen to bear a completely Canadian indentity, unless one stretches the Canadian identity quite a bit. But this stretching does happen and it does so in the most surprising circumstances. To give but one example: French Quebecers bear Canadian passports, and when they enter really foreign lands in distant places they are very often given a hearty welcome, as Canadians, given the relatively good reputation of Canada in international circles. This kind of repeated welcome is done of course without taking note of personal political choices and it leads persons with open minds to some philosophical musings on the nature of self image.
At the core one must remember that, like Canadians in other provinces, the French Quebecers hold the health care system to be nearly sacred (even if there are some quibbles as to how much of it is a provincial versus federal responsibility) and its existence to be non-negotiable. Like other Canadians too they are very much attached to the Société Radio-Canada, which is the French language division of the CBC. Finally, like other Canadians they support Canada's efforts in the international community from peacekeeping to foreign aid and cooperative programs.
And, of course, there is the common Canadian attitude towards the ice, the snow and the cold, and the self image that goes with it.
Canadians often like to see themselves as brave warriors who have to endure each winter a never ending struggle against massive amounts of snow and ice and extremely cold temperatures. They proudly point out that their capital, Ottawa, is the coldest capital in the world, wether this is technically true or not.
Only the major cities of the province of British Columbia on the Pacific Ocean, are exempted from this extreme weather. But even in British Columbia, the bad weather in the rest of the country gives a sense of unity and common self-image because a great number of citizens of that province have friends and relatives from the icebox or are themselves recent immigrants from the freezing parts of the country. This self-image of valour and fortitude against a cruel winter cuts across linguistic, cultural and regional boundaries.
Canadians eagerly follow all the Winter Olympic Games. They support their athletes by their tax dollars, sending each four years a massive contingent to the winter games.
The search for the Canadian identity often yields some whimsical results.
In the 1970s a radio show on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) held a competition whose goal was to compose the conclusion to the phrase: "As Canadian as ..." The winning entry read: "... possible, under the circumstances." [1]
Robertson Davies, one of Canada's best known novelists, once commented about his homeland: "Some countries you love. Some countries you hate. Canada is a country you worry about."
Pierre Berton, a Canadian journalist and novelist, once alluded to Canada's voyageur roots with this famous saying: "A Canadian is someone who knows how to make love in a canoe without tipping it."
In 2001, Molson, a beer company, created an advertisement for its Molson Canadian brand called "I Am Canadian" about what it means to be Canadian. It depicted an average Joe Canadian, who gives a rant about the finer points of being Canadian. Some critics suggested that this ad was revealing, in that Joe's definition of Canada is almost entirely in the negative; that is to say he defines what he is not more than he defines what he is. This is considered a common symptom of Canadian expression of identity.
Early years
20th century
Modern times
Outsider Perceptions
Quebec
The snow, the ice and the cold of a long winter
Trivia
External Sources
Reference