Censorship

In ancient Rome, censorship was the office or function of a censor. This article is about controls over publication and discussion.

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Censorship is the use of state or group power to control freedom of expression. Censorship 'criminalizes' certain actions or the communication of such actions - or suggested communications of such actions. In a modern sense censorship consists of any attempt to suppress information, points of view, or method of expression such as art, or profanity. The purpose of censorship is to maintain the status quo, to control the development of a society, or to stifle dissent among a subject people. For this reason, censorship is very common among organized religions, clubs, social groups and governments. However there are been groups fighting against censorship-indeed not representing a minority group correctly is a form of censorship.

Censorship can be explicit, as in laws passed to prevent information being published or propagated (as in Australia or China where certain internet pages are not permitted entry), or it can take the form of intimidation by government or even by popular censure, where people are afraid to express or support certain opinions for fear of losing their lives, or their jobs, position in society, or in academia, their academic credibility. In this latter, form it is sometimes called McCarthyism.

Censorship is generally rampant in dictatorships and other authoritarian nations. Democratic nations usually have far less institutionalized censorship, and instead tout the importance of freedom of speech.

Some thinkers include as censorship other attempts to suppress points of view or ideas such as propaganda, media manipulation, spin (politics), or disinformation. These methods, collectively, tend to work by refusing the ideas a receptive audience.

Others point out the suppression of access to the means of dissemination of ideas by governmental bodies such as the FCC in the United States of America, or by a newspaper that refuses to run commentary the publisher disagrees with, or a lecture hall that refuses to rent itself out to a particular speaker. Thinkers such as philosopher and novelist Ayn Rand consider this latter form of censorship to be an acceptable outcome of the defense of property rights. Contradictions of her position emerge from her disapproval of state backed monopoly license in the arena of radio and telecommunication broadcast and state funding of the arts.

Data havens and decentralized peer-to-peer file sharing systems such as Freenet can be used to prevent censorship.

Analysis of censorship in action

• Censorship in communist regimes
• Censorship in cyberspace
• Censorship in Australia
• Censorship in Europe
• Censorship under fascist regimes
• Censorship in France
• Censorship in Iraq
• Censorship in the United States

List of banned works

• Banned books
• Banned films

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See also:

• Book burning
• Censored Eleven (banned Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons)
• Censorware
• Disinfopedia.
• Fahrenheit 451
• Index Librorum Prohibitorum of The Roman Catholic Church
• John Stuart Mill
• Lady Chatterley's Lover
• Media Restriction
• Production Code
• Project Censored
• Project for the New American Century
• V-chip