The ultracentrifuge is a device invented in 1925 by Theodor Svedberg, which by use of very high G forces, and allowing the observation of sedimentation rates for macromolecules, allowed for the determination of their approximate molecular weights. Svedberg won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his invention.
Other, simpler centrifuges are used in biology and biochemistry for isolating and separating biocompounds on the basis of molecular weight. These will tend to rotate at a slower rate than an ultracentrifuge, and have larger rotors, and be optimized for holding large quantities of material at intermediate G forces.
Other centrifuges are used to separate isotopes, and these kinds of centrifuges are in use in nuclear power and nuclear weapons programs.
Exceptionally large centrifuges are used to test the reactions of pilots and astronauts to forces above those experienced in the Earth's gravity.
Because of the kinetic energy stored in the rotor head, those who have experienced an ultracentrifuge losing a rotor compare the experience to having a bomb explode nearby.