Integration is defined on chains by taking the linear combination of integrals over the simplices in the chain with coefficients typically integers.
The set of all k-chains forms a group and the sequence of these groups is called a simplicial complex.
The boundary of a chain is the linear combination of boundaries of the simplices in the chain. The boundary of a k-chain is a (k-1)-chain. Note that the boundary of a simplex is not a simplex, but a chain with coefficients 1 or -1.
Example 1: The boundary of a directed path is the formal difference of its endpoints.
Example 2: The boundary of the triangle is a formal sum of its edges with signs arranged to make the traversal of the boundary counterclockwise.
A chain is called a cycle when its boundary is zero. A chain that is the boundary of another chain is called a boundary. Boundaries are cycles,
so chains form a chain complex, whose homology groups (cycles modulo boundaries) are called simplicial homology groups.
Example 3: A 0-cycle is a linear combination of points such that the sum of all the coefficients is 0. Thus, the 0-homology group measures the number of path connected components of the space.
Example 4: The plane punctured at the origin has nontrivial 1-homology group since the unit circle is a cycle, but not a boundary.
In differential geometry, the duality between the boundary operator on chains and the exterior derivative is expressed by the general Stokes' theorem.Integration on chains
Boundary operator on chains