Lists of the elements by name, by symbol, and by by atomic number are available. The most convenient presentation of the elements is in the periodic table, which groups elements with similar chemical properties together.
Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain a different number of neutrons are said to be different isotopes of the element. A pure element can exist as monoatomic units or as diatomic or polyatomic units comprising the same kind of atoms. These are called allotropes, irrespective of the state.
The official names of the chemical elements are decided by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry who generally adopt the name chosen by the discoverer. This can lead to the controversial question of which research group did actually discover an element, and question which delayed the naming of elements with atomic number of 104 and higher for a considerable time. Chemical elements are also given a unique chemical symbol, often based on the name of the element,not necessarily in English (for example, carbon has chemical symbol 'C', and sodium has chemical symbol 'Na' after the Latin natrium). Chemical symbols are understood internationally when element names might need to be translated. A chemical symbol is always capitalized, as in the preceding examples, unlike the full name of the element, which is never capitalized, even if it is derived from a proper noun, unless it begins a sentence.
Elements can combine (react) to form pure compounds (such as water, salts, oxides and organic compounds). In many cases these compounds have essentially one fixed stoichiometry (composition) and their own structure and properties.
Some -particularly metallic- elements combine to form new structures with a more variable composition (such as metal alloys) in that case it is better to speak of phases rather than compounds.
In general, a particular chemical can consist of a mixture of all of the above.
See also: