It was formed in 1989 by the Extraordinary Congress of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia which decided to create a party for the territories of Bohemia and Moravia.
In 1990 the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia became a federation of the new party and the Communist Party of Slovakia. The Communist Party of Slovakia changed its name to the Party of the Democratic Left and the federation broke up in 1992.
After the party's second congress in 1992 groups split away. The Party of the Democratic Left and The Party of the Left Bloc left and eventually merged into the Party of Democratic Socialism. This party does some joint work with the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia.
Another split was the formation of the Party of Czechoslovak Communists (later renamed the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia refuses to work with this group which it considers to be hard line.
In June 2002 they received 18.5% of the vote for the Czech Republic's Chamber of Deputies. This made them the third placed party with 41 deputies.