Conscience is generally thought of as a moral faculty, sense, or consciousness which prompts the individual to make right choices.
Conscience can prompt different people in quite different directions, depending on their beliefs. One person can feel a moral duty to go to war, another can feel a moral duty to avoid war under any circumstances.
Many churches consider following one's conscience to be as important as obeying human authority. This can sometimes lead to moral quandaries. "Do I obey my church/military/political leader, or do I follow my own sense of right and wrong?" (Rev. Moon of the Unification Church says, "Never violate your conscience" but also has included the motto "absolute obedience" as part of the church's Family Pledge).
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2 Conscientious acts 3 Medieval conceptions of conscience |
The 1913 Webster's dictionary defines conscience in the modern sense as
What is conscience?
Adam Smith said:
A "conscientious objector" is an individual whose personal beliefs are incompatible with military service, or sometimes with any role in the armed forces. The reasons for refusing to serve are varied. Many conscientious objectors are so for religious reasons -- notably, the Quakers are pacifist by doctrine. Other objections can stem from a deep sense of responsibility toward humanity as a whole, or from simple denial that any government should have that kind of moral authority.
Amnesty International has created the term Prisoner of conscience to mean a person imprisoned for their conscientious beliefs.
The medieval schoolmen made a distinction between conscience and a closely related concept called synderesis. However, there is evidence that this is an artificial distinction, and that the two terms originally meant the same thing.
See also:
Medieval conceptions of conscience