Cylinder
In
mathematics a
cylinder is a
quadric, i.e. a three-dimensional surface, with the following equation in
Cartesian coordinates:
This equation is for an elliptic cylinder. If a = b then the surface is a
circular cylinder. The cylinder is a
degenerate quadric because at least one of the coordinates (in this case
z) does not appear in the equation. By some definitions the cylinder is not considered to be a quadric at all.
In common usage, a cylinder is taken to mean a finite section of a right circular cylinder with its ends closed to form two circular surfaces, as in the figure (right). If the cylinder has a radius r and length h, then its volume is given by
and its
surface area is
For a given volume, the cylinder with the smallest surface area has
h = 2
r. For a given surface area, the cylinder with the largest volume has
h = 2
r.
There are other more unusual types of cylinder. These are the imaginary elliptic cylinder:
the
hyperbolic cylinder:
and the
parabolic cylinder:
A
cylinder in an
engine is the space a
piston travels in. The piston is the same size as the two bases of the cylinder (the circular and flat surfaces). In the following drawing, which depicts a cross-section of a steam engine cylinder, the bottom sliding part is the piston, and the top sliding part is a valve that directs steam into the two ends of the cylinder alternately.
The
cylinder was also the dominant medium of
audio storage from the
1870s to the
1910s, and continued in limited use (such as the
dictaphone) through the mid
20th century. See:
phonograph cylinder.