Delusion

A delusion is commonly thought to be a false belief, and is used in everyday language to describe a belief that is either false, fanciful or derived from deception. In psychiatry, the definition is necessarily more precise and implies that the belief is pathological (the result of an illness or illness process).

Table of contents

1 Psychiatric definition 2 Diagnostic issues 3 See also 4 Further Reading 5 References

Psychiatric definition

The psychiatrist and philosopher Karl Jaspers in his book General Psychopathology first defined the three main criteria for a belief to be considered delusional. These criteria are:

• certainty
• incorrigibility
• impossibility or falsity of content

These criteria still live on in modern psychiatric diagnosis. In the most recent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a delusion is defined as:

A false belief based on incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly sustained despite what almost everybody else believes and despite what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. The belief is not one ordinarily accepted by other members of the person's culture or subculture (e.g. it is not an article of religious faith).

Diagnostic issues

However, this definition and Jasper's original criteria have been criticised, as counter-examples can be shown for every defining feature.

Studies on psychiatric patients have shown that delusions can be seen to vary in intensity and conviction over time which suggests that certainty and incorrigibility are not necessary components of a delusional belief¹.

Delusions do not necessarily have to be false or 'incorrect inferences about external reality'². Some religious or spiritual beliefs (such as 'I believe in the existence of God') including those diagnosed as delusional, by their nature may not be falsifiable, and hence cannot be described as false or incorrect³.

In other situations the delusion may turn out to be true belief⁴. For example, delusional jealousy, where a person is believes that their partner is being unfaithful (and may even follow then into the bathroom believing them to be seeing their lover even during the briefest of partings) may result in the faithful partner being driven to infidelity by the constant and unreasonable strain put on them by their delusional spouse. In this case the delusion does not cease to be a delusion, because the content later turns out to be true.

In other cases, the delusion may be assumed to be false by doctor or psychiatrist assessing the belief, because it seems to be unlikely, bizarre or held with excessive conviction. Psychiatrists rarely have the time or resources to check the validity of a person’s claims leading to some true beliefs to be erroneously classified as delusional⁵. This is known as the Martha Mitchell effect, after the wife of the attorney general who alleged that illegal activity was taking place in the White House. At the time her claims were thought to be signs of mental illness, and only after the Watergate scandal broke was she proved right (and hence sane).

Another thorn in the side of such diagnosis is that almost all of these factors can be found in normal beliefs. Many religious beliefs hold exactly the same features, yet are not considered delusional. Thomas Samuel Kuhn has shown that scientists can hold strong fixed beliefs in scientific theories despite considerable counter evidence for their validity⁶.

These factors have led the psychiatrist Anthony David to note that "there is no acceptable (rather than accepted) definition of a delusion"⁷. In practice psychiatrists tend to diagnose a belief as delusional if it is either patently bizarre, causing significant distress, or excessively pre-occupies the patient, especially if the person is subsequently unswayed in their belief by counter-evidence or reasonable argument.

Delusions typically occur in the context of neurological or mental illness, although are not tied to any particular disease and have been found to occur in the context of many pathological states (both physical and mental). However, they are of particular diagnostic importance in psychotic disorders and particularly in schizophrenia.

See also

• belief
• Capgras delusion
• Cotard delusion
• delusional disorder
• delusional jealousy
• delusional misidentification syndrome
• delusional parasitosis
• erotomania
• folie à deux
• Fregoli delusion
• Martha Mitchell effect
• paranoia
• psychosis
• schizophrenia

Further Reading

• Bell, V., Halligan, P.W. & Ellis, H. (2003) Beliefs about delusions. The Psychologist, 16(8), 418-423. Full text
• Coltheart, M. & Davis, M. (2000) (Eds.) Pathologies of belief. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0631221360
  
• Persaud, R. (2003) From the Edge of the Couch: Bizarre Psychiatric Cases and What They Teach Us About Ourselves. Bantam. ISBN 0553813463.
  

References

¹Myin-Germeys, I., Nicolson, N.A. & Delespaul, P.A.E.G. (2001) The context of delusional experiences in the daily life of patients with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 31, 489-498.
²Spitzer, M. (1990) On defining delusions. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31 (5), 377-97
³Young, A.W. (2000).Wondrous strange: The neuropsychology of abnormal beliefs. In M. Coltheart & M. Davis (Eds.) Pathologies of belief (pp.47-74). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0631221360
⁴Jones, E. (1999).The phenomenology of abnormal belief. Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychology, 6, 1-16.
⁵Maher, B.A. (1988) Anomalous experience and delusional thinking: The logic of explanations. In T. Oltmanns and B. Maher (eds) Delusional Beliefs. New York: Wiley Interscience. ISBN 0471836354
⁶Kuhn, T (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226458083
⁷David, A.S. (1999) On the impossibility of defining delusions. Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychology, 6 (1), 17-20