The Austro-Hungarian Empire played a decisive role in central European history. It occupied strategic territory containing the southeastern routes to western Europe and the north-south routes between Germany and Italy. Although present-day Austria is only a tiny remnant of the old empire, it retains this unique position.
Soon after the Republic of Austria was created at the end of World War I, it faced the strains of catastrophic inflation and of redesigning a government meant to rule a great empire into one that would govern only 6 million citizens. In the early 1930s, worldwide depression and unemployment added to these strains and shattered traditional Austrian society. Resultant economic and political conditions led in 1933 to a dictatorship under Engelbert Dollfuss. In February 1934, civil war broke out, and the Socialist Party was outlawed. In July, a coup d'etat by the National Socialists failed, but Dollfuss was assassinated by Nazis. In March 1938, Austria was incorporated into the German Third Reich, a development commonly known as the "Anschluss" (annexation).
At the Moscow conference in 1943, the Allies declared their intention to liberate Austria and reconstitute it as a free and independent state. In April 1945, both Eastern- and Western-front Allied forces liberated the country. Subsequently, Austria was divided into zones of occupation similar to those in Germany. Under the 1945 Potsdam agreements, the Soviets took control of German assets in their zone of occupation. These included 7% of Austria's manufacturing plants, 95% of its oil resources, and about 80% of its refinery capacity. The properties were returned to Austria under the Austrian State Treaty. This treaty, signed in Vienna on May 15, 1955, came into effect on July 27, and, under its provisions, all occupation forces were withdrawn by October 25, 1955. Austria became free and independent for the first time since 1938.
Population: 8,131,111 (July 2000 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years:
17% (male 697,283; female 663,459)
15-64 years:
68% (male 2,787,555; female 2,731,446)
65 years and over:
15% (male 474,067; female 777,301) (2000 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.25% (2000 est.)
Birth rate: 9.9 births/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Death rate: 9.91 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Net migration rate: 2.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.61 male(s)/female
total population:
0.95 male(s)/female (2000 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
77.68 years
male:
74.52 years
female:
80.99 years (2000 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.39 children born/woman (2000 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Austrian(s)
adjective:
Austrian
Ethnic groups: German 98%, Croatian, Slovenian, other (includes Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Roma)
Religions: Roman Catholic 78%, Protestant 5%, Muslim and other 17%
Languages: German, Slovenian, Croatian
Literacy:
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
100%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Reference
Much of the material in this article comes from the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website.