Boland was born in Dublin. Her father was a career diplomat and she was educated in London and New York as well as in her native city. Her first books, In Her Own Image (1980) and Night Feed (1982), established her reputation as a writer on specifically feminist themes and on the difficulties faced by women poets in a male-dominated literary world.
Her publications also include An Origin Like Water: Collected Poems 1967-1987 (1996), Outside History: Selected Poems 1980-1990 (1990) and a prose memoir Object Lessons: The Life of the Woman and the Poet in Our Time (1995).
Boland has taught at a number of universities, including Trinity College, Dublin. She is professor of English at Stanford University.