The museum was founded by Auguste Mariette in 1858, and it relocated to its current neoclassical building in 1902.
The highlights are the tomb artefacts of King Tutankhamen, whose almost intact tomb was found by Howard Carter in the Valley of the Kings in 1923.
The museum's Royal Mummy Room, containing 27 royal mummies from Pharaonic times, was closed down on the orders of President Anwar Sadat in 1981. It was reopened, with a slightly curtailed display of New Kingdom kings and queens, in 1985.