European Council

The European Council, sometimes informally called the European Summit, is a meeting of the heads of state or government of the European Union, and the President of the European Commission (not to be confused with the Council of the European Union, or the Council of Europe). On average four European Councils are held every year.

Table of contents

1 Summits 2 List of summits 3 President 4 List of presidents 4.1 Presidencies to date 4.2 Presidencies to come

Summits

Traditionally the summits of the European Councils have been held in the country currently holding the Presidency of Countil the European Union. However, in late 2000 it was agreed at the Nice European Council that in the future half the European Councils would be held in Brussels and eventually all would be held there.

Two things prompted this decision. Firstly, with the impending enlargement of the European Union to 27 or more members, rotating the site of the Council meeting between member states was going to become more difficult. Secondly, Belgium was threatening to hold up the Treaty of Nice, unhappy with the way smaller states were going to hold more power in European institutions. Holding the summits in Brussels was meant to encourage Belgium to accept the deal.

The decision was further justified by the increasing violence at European Council meetings, which culminated in the shooting of a protester at the Gothenburg European Council in Sweden. It was felt that the Belgian government had more experience at dealing with anti-EU protests, and that putting them in one location would enable increased security.

The proposal has since been strongly criticised by many European Union member states, principally the smaller states and those furthest from Brussels, who have argued that it would in practice be impossible for their leaders to fulfil all the functions of the presidency in Brussels and govern effectively in their own states, the suspicion being that the idea was designed to reduce the practical control exercised by the state nominally holding the presidency, with the day to day running of the presidency resting permanently in Brussels among Eurocrats. New members of the EU are particularly opposed and are seeking to overturn the Nice decision.

List of summits

• Laeken European Council

President

The post as President of the assembled European Council, is performed by the head of government or head of state of the member state that is holding the Presidency of Council the European Union. The role as president is in no sense equivalent to a head of stateship, merely a primus inter pares (first among equals) role with other European heads of government.

List of presidents

Presidencies to date

• The United Kingdom (Tony Blair) (First half-year 1998)
• Austria (Viktor Klima) (Second half-year 1998)
• Germany (Gerhard Schröder) (First half-year 1999)
• Finland (Paavo Lipponen) (Second half-year 1999)
• Portugal (António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres) (First half-year 2000)
• France (Lionel Jospin) (Second half-year 2000)
• Sweden (Göran Persson) (First half-year 2001)
• Belgium (Guy Verhofstadt) (Second half-year 2001)
• Spain (José María Aznar López) (First half-year 2002)
• Denmark (Anders Fogh Rasmussen) (Second half-year 2002)
• Greece (Costas Simitis) (First half-year 2003)
• Italy (Silvio Berlusconi) (Second half-year 2003)
• Ireland (Bertie Ahern) (First half-year 2004)

Presidencies to come

• The Netherlands (Second half-year 2004)
• Luxembourg (First half-year 2005)
• The United Kingdom (Second half-year 2005)
• Austria (First half-year 2006)
• Finland (Second half-year 2006)