Germanicus

Germanicus Julius Caesar, possibly "Nero Claudius Germanicus" before adoption (15 BC – AD 19) was a member of the Julio-Claudian family, the first dynasty of the Roman Empire. His parents were Drusus, son of Livia Drusilla, Augustus wife, and Antonia, daughter of Marc Antony. Claudius was his brother. Germanicus married Agrippina the Elder, a granddaughter of Augustus, who gave him nine children, six of which survived to grown age:

• Julia Livilla
• Drusilla
• Agrippina the Younger, mother of Nero
• Drusus Caesar and Nero Caesar, assassinated by Tiberius
• Gaius Caesar (Caligula), who became emperor

Germanicus was very popular among the citizens of Rome, who celebrated enthusiastically all his victories. He was also a favorite with Augustus, his grandfather in law, who, for some time, considered him as heir to the Empire. In AD 4, he finally decided in favor of Tiberius, his stepson, but compelled him to adopt Germanicus as a son and name his heir.

Germanicus assumed several military commands leading the army in the campaigns in Pannonia and Dalmatia. He is recorded to be an excellent soldier and inspired leader, loved by the legions. In the year 12 he was appointed consul after five mandates as quaestor.

After the death of Augustus in 14, the Senate appointed Germanicus commander of the forces in Germania. A short time after, the legions rioted on the news that the succession befell on the unpopular Tiberius. Refusing to accept this, the rebel soldiers cried for Germanicus as emperor. But he chose to honor Augustus' choice and put an end to the mutiny, preferring to continue only as a general. In the next two years, he subdued the Germanic tribes east of the Rhine, and assured their defeat in the Battle of the Weser River in 16. Whilst on the Rhine frontier, Germanicus found the remains of the three legions massacred in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD (the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth legions), buried them with high honors and recovered the legion's eagles.

After the victories in Germania, Germanicus was sent to Asia, where in 18 he defeated the kingdoms of Cappadocia and Commagena, turning them into Roman provinces.

In the following year, Germanicus died in Alexandria, Egypt. His death his surrounded with speculations and several sources refer that he was poisoned by Gnaeus Calpurnius Pisus, governor of Syria, under orders of the emperor Tiberius. This was never proven and Pisus was afterwards executed for murder, but Suetonius suggests Tiberius' jealousy and fear of his adopted son's popularity and increasing power as a motive.

See also: Julio-Claudian Family Tree