Please refer to the Glossary of group theory for the definitions of terms used throughout group theory.
See also list of group theory topics.
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2 Elementary introduction 3 Some useful theorems 4 Generalizations 5 Miscellany 6 External link |
History
There are three historial roots of group theory: theory of algebraic equations, number theory and geometry. Euler, Gauss, Lagrange, Abel and Galois were precedent researchers in the field of group theory. Galois is honored as the first mathematician linking group theory with field theory, whose theory is now called Galois theory.
It was Walter Van Dyck who in 1882 gave the modern definition of a group.
Other important mathematicians in this subject area includes Artin, Noether, Sylow, and many more.
Groups are used throughout mathematics and the sciences, often to capture the internal symmetry of other structures, in the form of automorphism groups.
In Galois theory, which is the historical origin of the group concept, one uses groups to describe the symmetries of the equations satisfied by the solutions to a polynomial equation. The solvable groups are so-named because of their prominent role in this theory.
Abelian groups underlie several other structures that are studied in abstract algebra, such as rings, fields, and modules.
In algebraic topology, groups are used to describe invariants of topological spaces (the name of the torsion subgroup of an infinite group shows the legacy of this field of endeavor). They are called "invariants" because they are defined in such a way that they don't change if the space is subjected to some deformation. Examples include the fundamental group, homology groups and cohomology groups.
The concept of Lie group (named for mathematician Sophus Lie) is important in the study of differential equations and manifolds; they combine analysis and group theory and are therefore the proper objects for describing symmetries of analytical structures. Analysis on these and other groups is called harmonic analysis.
In combinatorics, the notion of permutation group and the concept of group action are often used to simplify the counting of a set of objects; see in particular Burnside's lemma.
An understanding of group theory is also important in the physical sciences. In chemistry, groups are used to classify crystal structures, regular polyhedra, and the symmetries of molecules. In physics, groups are important because they describe the symmetries which the law of physics seem to obey. Physicists are very interested in group representations, especially of Lie groups, since these representations often point the way to the "possible" physical theories.
Elementary introduction
Some useful theorems
Generalizations
In abstract algebra, we get some related structures which are similar to groups by relaxing some of the axioms given at the top of the article.
Groupoids, which are similar to groups except that the composition a * b need not be defined for all a and b, arise in the study of more involved kinds of symmetries, often in topological and analytical structures.
They are special sorts of categories.
Lie groups, algebraic groups and topological groups are examples of group objects: group-like structures sitting in a category other than the ordinary category of sets.
Abelian groups form the prototype for the concept of an abelian category, which has applications to vector spaces and beyond.
Formal group laws are certain formal power series which have properties much like a group operation.
James Newman summarized group theory as follows:
Miscellany
External link