He born in Hunsdon, Hertfordshire, England, the eldest son of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, and his second wife, Lady Elizabeth Stafford (daughter of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham), so he was descended from kings on both sides of his family tree. He was reared at Windsor with Henry VIII's illegitimate son Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond, and they became close friends and, later, brothers-in-law. He became earl of Surrey in 1524 when his grandfather died and his father became duke of Norfolk.
He and his friend Thomas Wyatt were the first English poets to write in the sonnet form that Shakespeare later used, and Henry was the first English poet to publish blank verse.
But his political fortunes went up and down and hit the ultimate low when he was executed for treason on 19 January 1547. When his father died in 1554, Henry's son Thomas became the next duke of Norfolk.