Hjalmer Petersen was elected Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota in 1934 and served as lieutenant to Governor Floyd B. Olson. Lieutenant Governor Petersen ascended to the governorship when Governor Floyd B. Olson died of cancer on August 22, 1936. Hjalmer Petersen was sworn in as Governor two days later and served the remainder of Olson's term. He served as 23rd Governor of Minnesota from August 24, 1936 to January 4, 1937. He did not run for election to governor in 1936. He ran instead for Railroad and Warehouse Commissioner and won. He served as a Farmer-Labor Party member.