INTERCAL programming language
INTERCAL is a
programming language parody. It is said by the authors to stand for "Compiler Language With No Pronounceable Acronym". INTERCAL was perpetrated by
Don Woods and James Lyons, two
Princeton University students, in
1972 and is purposely different from all other computer languages in all ways but one; it is purely a written language, being totally unspeakable. An excerpt from the INTERCAL Reference Manual will make the style of the language clear:
- It is a well-known and oft-demonstrated fact that a person whose work is incomprehensible is held in high esteem. For example, if one were to state that the simplest way to store a value of 65536 in a 32-bit INTERCAL variable is:
- DO :1 <- #0$#256
- any sensible programmer would say that that was absurd. Since this is indeed the simplest method, the programmer would be made to look foolish in front of his boss, who would of course have happened to turn up, as bosses are wont to do. The effect would be no less devastating for the programmer having been correct.
The INTERCAL manual also contains such gems as
- Caution! Under no circumstances confuse the mesh with the interleave operator, except under confusing circumstances!
INTERCAL has many other peculiar features designed to make it even more unspeakable: uses statements as "COME FROM", "FORGET", and "PLEASE" and calls single and double quotes "sparks" and "rabbit ears" respectively. The equivalent of a "half mesh" or equals sign in most programming languages is a "<-", referred to as "gets" and made up of an "angle" and a "worm".
The Woods-Lyons implementation was actually used by many (well, at least several) people at Princeton. The language has been recently reimplemented as C-INTERCAL and is consequently enjoying an unprecedented level of unpopularity; there is even an alt.lang.intercal newsgroup devoted to the study and ... appreciation of the language on Usenet.
The traditional "Hello, world!" program, written in C as
#include
int main(void) {
printf("Hello, world!\\n");
return 0;
}
appears as
DO ,1 <- #13
PLEASE DO ,1SUB#1 <- #234
DO ,1SUB#2 <- #112
DO ,1SUB#3 <- #112
DO ,1SUB#4 <- #0
DO ,1SUB#5 <- #64
DO ,1SUB#6 <- #194
DO ,1SUB#7 <- #48
PLEASE DO ,1SUB#8 <- #22
DO ,1SUB#9 <- #248
DO ,1SUB#10 <- #168
DO ,1SUB#11 <- #24
DO ,1SUB#12 <- #16
DO ,1SUB#13 <- #214
PLEASE READ OUT ,1
PLEASE GIVE UP
in INTERCAL.
Perhaps the weirdest thing about INTERCAL is that it is Turing-complete; that is, it can perform all of the calculations that a sane programming language can.
See also: Esoteric programming languages, Befunge.
External links
Part of an earlier version of this article contains text from The Jargon File 4.2.3 Mar 2001. Public Domain. Gareth Owen