Krav Maga
Krav Maga (
Hebrew: "contact combat") is a
martial art, at first developed in
Czechoslovakia in the
1930s. The developer was Imi Lichtenfeld. When Mr. Lichtenfeld came to
Palestine prior to the establishment of the state of
Israel, he began teaching hand to hand combat to the
Haganah, the
Jewish underground army. After the establishment of
Israel, Krav Maga was adopted by the Israeli armed forces and
police as the
martial art of choice. The art reached its current form in Israel shortly after its formation. After Mr. Lichtenfeld retired from a long career as chief instructor of
close combat in the
Israel Defense Forces (IDF), he started teaching Krav Maga to the civilian population. In this way, a civilian version based on the principles of
self defense was developed.
In a nutshell, the basic fighting principles are that every self defense response must meet all of the following criteria:
In the given situation, the defense or attack must be
- the fastest
- the strongest
- the shortest
- the most natural
- and to the point (for instance, if you mean to escape, escape; if you mean to hit, hit).
The basic idea is to first deal with the immediate threat (e.g. hands around one's neck), prevent the attacker from re-attacking, then neutralize the opponent. An emphasis is put on taking the initiative from the attacker immediately. It is ok to run away (tactical withdrawal), if the situation dictates that. Krav Maga can be used against opponents who are armed, and against multiple opponents. It is also good in closed areas, such as airplanes.
Krav Maga includes many disarming techniques, and fighting under unusual circumstances is stressed in practice.
Prior to 1985, the experts in Krav Maga were in Israel. Few foreigners came to Israel to study Krav Maga and no highly skilled Israelis left Israel to run Krav Maga schools. The first non-israeli known to have operated a school strictly for teaching Krav Maga is Darren Levine, who teaches Krav Maga in Los Angeles. The first non-Israeli, non-Jew who was certified as an expert and instructor was James Keenan, also from the United States.
Since the death of Mr. Lichtenfeld, a number of different schools and associations of Krav Maga have developed.
The name in Hebrew is usually translated as "close combat". The word, krav, means "fight" or "battle". The word, maga, means "touching" or "in contact". A translation like "contact combat", though, can be miscontrued as something like "kickboxing" or "Full Contact Karate". Krav Maga is not a sport and has no competitive aspect.
As a historical note, the original name of Krav Maga was Kapap (sounds like "ka-PAP") which was an acronym for Krav Panim el Panim, face-to-face combat.
Also see