Mathematical analysis of this curve using calculus and physics allows the user to calculate plasma potential (Vp), floating potential (Vf), electron density (ne), ion density (ni), electron temperature (Te) and the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) or f(e).
A Langmuir probe can be purchased off the shelf for on the order of 15,000 U.S. Dollars, or they can be built by an experienced researcher and/or technician. When working at frequencies under 100 MHz, it is advisable to use blocking filters, and take necessary grounding precautions.