Marvin Minsky
Marvin Lee Minsky (born
August 9,
1927), sometimes affectionately known as "Old Man Minsky", is an
American scientist in the field of
artificial intelligence (AI), co-founder of
MIT's AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and
philosophy.
He was born in New York. He holds degrees from Harvard and Princeton, and has taught at Harvard and MIT. He is currently Toshiba Professor of Media Arts and Sciences, and Professor of electrical engineering and computer science, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Minsky's patents include the first head-mounted graphical display (1963) as well as the confocal scanning microscope and, jointly with Papert, the first Logo "turtle". He also built the first artificial neural network.
Marvin was an adviser on the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and is referred to in the movie and book,
- "Probably no one would ever know this; it did not matter. In the 1980s, Minsky and Good had shown how neural networks could be generated automatically - self replicated - in accordance with any arbitrary learning program. Artificial brains could be grown by a process strikingly analogous to the development of a human brain. In any given case, the precise details would never be known, and even if they were, they would be millions of times too complex for human understanding."
During filming Minsky was almost killed due to an accident, but survived and went on to write the book
Perceptrons (with Seymour A. Papert) which went on to become the foundational work in the analysis of artificial neural networks. Its criticism of unrigorous research in the field has been claimed as being responsible for the virtual disappearance of artificial neural networks from academic research in the 1970s.
Minsky is an actor in an artificial intelligence koan from the Jargon file:-
- In the days when Sussman was a novice, Minsky once came to him as he sat hacking at the PDP-6.
- "What are you doing?", asked Minsky.
- "I am training a randomly wired neural net to play Tic-tac-toe" Sussman replied.
- "Why is the net wired randomly?", asked Minsky.
- "I do not want it to have any preconceptions of how to play", Sussman said.
- Minsky then shut his eyes.
- "Why do you close your eyes?", Sussman asked his teacher.
- "So that the room will be empty."
- At that moment, Sussman was enlightened.
Selected works
- "Neural Nets and the Brain Model Problem," Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1954. The first publication of theories and theorems about learning in neural networks, secondary reinforcement, circulating dynamic storage and synaptic modifications.
- Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines, Prentice-Hall, 1967. A standard text in Computer Science. Out of print now, but soon to reappear.
- Semantic Information Processing, MIT Press, 1968. This collection had a strong influence on modern computational linguistics.
- Perceptrons, (with Seymour A. Papert), MIT Press, 1969 (Enlarged edition, 1988). Developed the modern theory of computational geometry and established fundamental limitations of loop-free connectionist learning machines. Contrary to popular belief, the result in this book are not restricted to networks with 1, 2, or 3 layers; in fact virtually every theorem is easily seen to apply to feedforward networks of any depth, with appropriate reductions in the still-exponential growth-rates! Neural net theorists should read it again, this time attending to the central scaling issues.
- Artificial Intelligence, with Seymour Papert, Univ. of Oregon Press, 1972. Out of print.
- Robotics, Doubleday, 1986. Edited collection of essays about robotics, with Introduction and Postscript by Minsky.
- The Society of Mind, Simon and Schuster, 1987. The first comprehensive description of the Society of Mind theory of intellectual structure and development. See also The Society of Mind (CD-ROM version), Voyager, 1996.
- The Turing Option, with Harry Harrison, Warner Books, New York, 1992. Science fiction thriller about the construction of a superintelligent robot in the year 2023.
External link