(1) In the realm of criminal common law, criminal negligence is a legal term of art for a state of mind which is careless, inattentive, neglectful, wilfully blind, or reckless; it is the mens rea part of a crime which, if occurring simulaneously with the actus reus, gives rise to criminal liability. Some distinguish recklessness from negligence; recklessness is a 'malfeasance' that increases the danger of an act occurring; whereas criminal negligence is a misfeasance or nonfeasance, merely allowing otherwise avoidable dangers to manifest. This is an example of the difference between a general intent crime and a specific intent crime with recklessness being more specific than criminal negligence. In some cases this 'nonfeasance' can rise to the level of wilful blindness where the individual intentionally avoid confronting a situation that no reasonable person would ever allow to occur. Gross criminal negligence is behavior which involves a "wanton disregard for human life". Of course, in all these cases if the actus reus or bad act never occurs then there is no crime as both elements are necessary under the criminal common law to sustain a guilty conviction.
Usually the punishment for criminal negligence, criminal recklessness, criminal endangerment, wilful blindness and other related crimes is imprisonment, unless the criminal is insane (and then in some cases the sentence is indeterminate). Examples of criminally negligent crimes are criminally negligent homicide and negligent endangerment of a child.
See also : culpability
(2) Under civil common law, negligence is an ingredient of many non-intentional torts or wrongs that one individual suffers because of the nonfeasance, misfeasance or malfeasance of another. As opposed to the common law tradition of most Anglo-American jurisdictions, in civil law legal systems (such as continental Europe, Quebec and Puerto Rico) negligence is classified as a form of extra-contractual responsibility called a quasi-delict (in distinction to the more wilful delicts) within the conceptual framework of the Law of Obligations. The rules and elements are not the same as those set forth below under the Anglo-American common law tradition.
A lawsuit grounded in a claim of negligence might be brought, for example,
by someone injured in an auto accident against another driver who he felt
caused the accident by being reckless or irresponsible.
Under law, negligence is usually defined in the context of
jury instructions wherein a judge, in language he finds fitting, tells
the jury that a party is to be considered negligent if he or she failed
to exercise the level of care that a reasonable person, possessed of
the same knowledge, would have exercised under the same circumstances.
In most jurisdictions, it is necessary to show first that a person had
a duty to exercise care in a given situation, and that he breached that duty.
In order to prove negligence, it is not necessary to prove harm, but
in order for a cause of action to rest in tort, harm must be proven.
Hence, it would be meaningless to sue someone for negligence if
no harm resulted.
Conversely, it is not enough that a harm was done.
In order for the harm to be compensible in a negligence lawsuit, the
defendant must be shown to have been negligent, and it must be
demonstrated that his negligence was the proximate cause of the harm
felt by the plaintiff.
The law holds that any reasonable person would, if able, follow the law.
Consequently, as a matter of law, a person may be declared by a court liable
as a matter of law ("negligence per se") if it is proven that he or she
broke the law. For example, someone injuring another in an auto accident may be found negligent per se in a civil suit arising from the accident if he was
convicted in criminal court of driving while intoxicated at the time
of the accident.
It is often observed by practitioners in tort law that a prospective
plaintiff who has a poor understanding of the foregoing principles
will desire to see a significant monetary penalty applied as a result
of the outrageousness of a defendant's act. He may feel that he "deserves" an award all out of proportion to his actual misfortune, because of the severe nature of the defendant's carelessness. This is a mistaken view of the authority of the law. Damages are awarded in proportion to the scope of the harm done, not the severety of the negligence. "But he was so careless, he could have killed me!" falls on deaf ears in American courts. Still, some negligent acts are recognized as a matter of law to be so egregious as to merit financial penalty over and above actual damages, in order to reform the conduct of a malicious or callously indifferent defendant, and, by example, others similarly disposed. This is the purpose of punitive damages.
Such acts are rare indeed, well defined in the law of applicable
jurisdictions, and limited to the exact conditions of the law under which
they may be awarded.
Only when the severity of negligence rises to an extreme level (and then,
only when harm results therefrom) might it meet the standards required
under laws providing for punitive damages.
A negligence lawsuit involves many components which need to be considered
before the success of the case can be determined.
Proving negligence is far more complicated than it may seem.
When considering a negligence cause of action there are four primary elements which need to be viewed and covered thoroughly: (1)duty, (2) breach of duty, (3) causation, and (4) damages.
(1) The duty element is the legal requirement that the person being sued for negligence must adhere to a standard of conduct in protecting others from unreasonable risk of harm.
It really is the legal obligation we have in our relationships with others.
Different duties apply to different people.
(2) Breaching that duty is the second element to a negligence lawsuit. The question to be asked is: ''Would a reasonable person in a similar
situation have done the same thing as the person being sued?'' To come to that conclusion both objective and subjective standards need to be considered.
(3) The causation of negligence is the third critical element of the lawsuit.
Both actual cause and proximate cause are considered.
'Actual cause asks the question of whether the person being sued,
the defendant, was the actual cause of injuries sustained by the person
initiating the lawsuit, the plaintiff.
Proximate cause looks at the issue of foreseeability.
When considering the event that has happened, it is asked whether or not
the injuries sustained were foreseeable or too remotely connected to
the incident to even consider.
(4) The final element of a negligence lawsuit is the damages being sought.
Damages are what the plaintiff is seeking in recovering for the incident resulting from the negligent act.
While most lawsuits are settled when a negligence lawsuit goes to trial, the judge will determine what the defendant's duty was to the plaintiff as a matter of law using the standard of reasonableness.
If it is questionable what a reasonable person would do, in the United Staets jury picked by the adversaries (plaintiff and defendant) will consider the facts and render a decision as well as determine the quantum of damages.
Sometimes the trier of fact will be the judge -- this has been the case in England since the 19th century and is generally the case in the other Commonwealth countries.
There are some differences in the law of negligence in civil law jurisdictions, but the basic rules above are also applied in these delict cases. In civil law jurisdictions the procedure is more akin to an investigation with investigative judges will interview all parties and witnesses and then prepare reports to be submitted to a panel of judges for final decision. That decision may also be appealed several levels through a judicial hierarchy.Criminal Negligence
Negligence in private law
Negligence in common law countries
Components of a negligence cause of action
The duty element
The breach of duty element
The causation element
The necessity for damages: element four
Legal procedures in negligence lawsuits
Procedures and law in civil law jurisdictions