Peniculid

Peniculids
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Ciliophora Class: Oligohymenophorea Order: Peniculida
Typical families
Suborder Frontoniina     Clathrostomatidae     Frontoniidae     Lembadionidae     Maritujidae     Stokesiidae Suborder Parameciina     Parameciidae     Neobursaridiidae     Urocentridae

The peniculids are an order of ciliate protozoa, including the well-known Paramecium and its close relatives. Most are relatively large, freshwater forms that feed on smaller organisms swept into the mouth. They have simple life cycles, and in many cases do not even form resting cysts.

Typically the body has uniform, dense cilia, which also cover a vestibule preceding the mouth. Extrusomes are characteristically in the form of spindle trichocysts, which release thread-like shafts, and never mucocysts. The oral cilia include peniculi, corresponding to the membranelles of related groups, arranged parallel to the mouth deep in the oral cavity. Nematodesmata (rods) arise from the bases of the oral or perioral cilia, but these do not support a cyrtos as in some other classes. Two suborders are recognised:

• The Frontoniina typically have a shallow oral cavity, with a long paroral membrane and denser somatic kineties to the right of the mouth. These are called ophryokineties, and take part in forming the new mouth during cell division.

• The Parameciina typically have a deeper oral cavity, with peniculi mainly forward of the mouth, and the paroral membrane reduced, though still present throughout interphase.

The Peniculids were first defined by Fauré-Fremiet in Corliss, 1956, as one of three suborders of hymenostomes, which are now treated as subclasses of the Oligohymenophorea. The two suborders above were introduced by Small & Lynn in 1985. They considered the peniculids in the class Nassophorea, owing to ultrastructural peculiarities such as the presence of nematodesmata, which was considered to indicate the cyrtos was secondarily absent. However, more recent schemes reverse this move.