A Platonic solid is a convex polyhedron whose faces all share the same regular polygon and such that the same number of faces meet at all its vertices. Compare with the Kepler solids, which are not convex, and the Archimedean and Johnson solids, which while made of regular polygons are not themselves regular.
There are five Platonic solids, all known to the ancient Greeks:
Name and picture | Face polygon | Faces | Edges | Vertices | Faces meeting at each vertex | Symmetry group |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
tetrahedron | triangle | 4 | 6 | 4 | 3 | Td |
cube (hexahedron) | square | 6 | 12 | 8 | 3 | Oh |
octahedron | triangle | 8 | 12 | 6 | 4 | Oh |
dodecahedron | pentagon | 12 | 30 | 20 | 3 | Ih |
icosahedron | triangle | 20 | 30 | 12 | 5 | Ih |
That there are only five such three-dimensional solids is easily demonstrated. To have vertices, there must be at least three of the faces meeting at a point, and the total of their angles must be less than 360 degrees; i.e the corners of the face must be less than 120 degrees: this rules out all the regular polygons except triangles, squares, and pentagons.
Historically, Johannes Kepler followed the custom of the Renaissance in making mathematical correspondences, (based on ideas regarding the music of the spheres etc.) and identified the five platonic solids with the five planets - Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and the five classical elements. (The Earth, moon and sun were not considered to be planets.)
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The shapes are often used to make dice, because dice of these shapes can be made fair. 6-sided dice are very common, but the other numbers are commonly used in role-playing games. Such dice are commonly referred to as D followed by the number of faces (d4, d8, etc.)
The tetrahedron, cube, and octahedron, are found naturally in crystal structures.
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