Although the immediate effects of the revolutions were short-term, there were lasting legacies.
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Only England and Russia had no revolutions -- the revolutions were mainly the bourgeois opposition to reactionary governments, but repressive Russia had no bourgeois, and England's had been pacified by the Reform Act of 1832.
The revolutions combined hope and despair, different revolutionaries fighting for different aims. Some early bourgeois reformers turned against the revolutions when they felt they had gone too far. No European leader felt safe on his throne during the revolutions.
There was horrific violence on all sides. Thousands were killed.
We look at four (not all) areas: France, the Habsburg areas (i.e., the Austrian Empire), the German states, and the Italian states.
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2 The Revolutions of 1848 3 Consequences of the Revolutions of 1848 4 External links and references |
The Revolutions of 1848 are a large subject, and we do not claim this list of references is complete.
The Gathering Storm: Before the Revolutions of 1848
See main article The Gathering Storm: Before the Revolutions of 1848.
The Revolutions of 1848
France
See main article The Revolutions of 1848 in France.The Hapsburg areas
See main article The Revolutions of 1848 in the Hapsburg areas.The German states
See main article The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states.The Italian states
See main article The Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian States.Consequences of the Revolutions of 1848
''See main article Conclusions of the Revolutions of 1848.External links and references