Rosa Luxemburg (March 5, 1870 - January 15, 1919) was Jewish a politician, socialist theoretician and revolutionary.
Rosa Luxemburg was born in Lublin, now Poland. After fleeing to Switzerland from imminent detention, she attended Zurich University along with other socialist figures such as Anatoli Lunacharsky and Leo Jogiches. Against the nationalism of the "Polish Socialist Party" (PPS) she created in 1893 together with Leo Jogiches and Julian Marchlewski the magazine "Sprawa Robotnicza" (The Worker's Cause). She believed that independence for Poland would only be possible by a revolution in Germany, Austria, and Russia, and that the fight against capitalism was more important than independence. She denied the right of self-determination for nations, in disagreement with Lenin.
Together with Karl Liebknecht in 1915 she created the Internationale group which later became the Spartacist League. This in turn was part first of the Social Democratic Party and then of the Independent Social Democratic Party before it became the nucleus of the Communist Party of Germany.
On June 28 1916 she, along with Karl Liebknecht, was sentenced to two years imprisonment. During this time she wrote several articles, including The Russian Revolution, which refers to the danger of a dictatorship of the Bolsheviks in Russia.
In 1918 she opposed the so-called Spartacist uprising as being adventurist, and the formation of the Communist Party of Germany as premature. In the wake of the January Uprising she was abducted and later murdered along with Liebknecht on January 15 1919 by soldiers of the so-called Freikorps (Free Corps).
The grave of Rosa Luxemburg on the Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde in Berlin