There has been an accelerating trend in recent decades to create investment funds that are based on market indices. These are called index funds. Advocates claim that index funds routinely beat a large majority of actively managed mutual funds; one study claimed that over time, the average actively managed mutual fund has returned 1.8% less than the S&P 500 index -- this despite the fact that a computer program could (and frequently does) manage S&P 500 index funds without using human judgment or any financial analysis whatsoever (this having been left to S&P in their formulation of the index). Index fund advocates surmise that the reasons for the higher return of the index are the management fees charged by actively managed mutual funds, and their higher "churn" rate (the turnover of stocks and bonds that fall out of favor and are sold, which costs commmissions and incurs capital gains taxes to fund holders).
The most regularly quoted market indices are those including the stocks of the largest listed companies on a nation's largest stock exchange. Examples include the American Dow Jones Industrial Average, the S&P 500, the Wilshire 5000, the British FTSE 100, and the Japanese Nikkei 225. However, because of the concentration on a relatively few very large stocks, such indices can give a misleading picture of market trends.
More specialised indices exist tracking the performance of specific sectors of the market - for instance, there are national indices for mining companies, or companies that mine a specific commodity, small companies, technology companies, and even very specialised indices such as one by Linux Weekly News tracking stocks of companies that sell products and services based on Linux.
| Table of contents |
|
2 The Dow Jones Industrial Average is *NOT* an Index 3 See also |
A notable specialised index type is those for ethical investing indices that include only those companies satisfying ecological or social criteria, e.g. those of The Calvert Group, Domini, and the Dow Jones Sustainable Index.
Another important trend is strict mechanical criteria for inclusion and exclusion to prevent market manipulation, e.g. as in Canada when Nortel was permitted to rise to over 50% of the TSE 300 index value. Ethical indices have a particular interest in mechanical criteria, seeking to avoid accusations of ideological bias in selection, and have pioneered techniques for inclusion and exclusion of stocks based on complex criteria. Another means of mechanical selection is mark-to-future methods that exploit scenarios produced by multiple analysts weighted according to probability, to determine which stocks have become too risky to hold in the index of concern.
Critics of such initiatives argue that many firms satisfy mechanical "ethical criteria", e.g. regarding board composition or hiring practices, but fail to perform ethically with respect to shareholders, e.g. Enron. Indeed, the seeming "seal of approval" of an ethical index may put investors more at ease, enabling scams. One response to these criticisms is that trust in the corporate management, index criteria, fund or index manager, and securities regulator, can never be replaced by mechanical means, so "market transparency" and "disclosure" are the only long-term-effective paths to fair markets.Ethical stock market indices