| Table of contents |
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2 Morphology 3 See also |
| Stop | Affricate | Fricative | ||||
| unaspirate | aspirate | unaspirate | aspirate | |||
| Labial | Voiced | b | v | |||
| Voiceless | pʻ (p) | pʰ (p') | f | |||
| Nasal | m | |||||
| Dental | Voiced | d | dz | z | ||
| Voiceless | tʻ (t) | tʰ (t') | cʻ (c) | cʰ (c') | s | |
| Nasal | n | |||||
| Palatal | Voiced | ʤ (j) | ʒ (zh) | |||
| Voiceless | ʧʻ (ch) | ʧʰ (ch') | ʃ (sh) | |||
| Velar | Voiced | g | ɣ (gh) | |||
| Voiceless | kʻ (k) | kʰ (k') | x (kh) | |||
| Glottal | Voiceless | h | ||||
Armenian also features a two-way distinction between its rhotic sounds, /r/ (r') and /ɹ/ (r). Armenian has one lateral approximant, /l/.
There are seven Armenian vowels:
| Front | Central | Back | |
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə (ë) | o |
| Low | a | ||
The phonology of Eastern Armenian preserves the three-way distinction in stops and affricates that is missing from Western Armenian.
Another element of both varieties of Armenian is devoicing of final stops and affricates, so that a word like t'az ('crown') is pronounced t'as. In Eastern Armenian, the effect of devoicing renders voiced stops and affricates (which are not aspirated) as voiceless aspirate stops, meaning kamurj (bridge) sounds like kamurch'.
Eastern Armenian nouns have seven casess, one more than Western Armenian. They are: Nominative (subject), Accusative (direct object), Genitive (possession), Dative (indirect object), Ablative (origin), Instrumental (means) and Locative (position). Of the seven cases, the nominative and accusative, with exceptions, are the same, and the genitive and dative are the same, meaning that nouns have mostly five distinct forms for case. Nouns in Armenian also decline for number (singular and plural), but do not decline for gender (i.e. masculine or feminine).
Declension in Armenian is based on how the genitive is formed. There are several declensions, but two are the most used (genitive in i, and genitive in u):
Morphology
Nouns
| dasht (field) | gari (barley)
| |||
|
| singular | plural | singular | plural |
| Nom-Acc | dasht | dashter | gari | gariner |
| Gen-Dat | dashti | dashteri | garu | garineri |
| Abl | dashtic' | dashteric' | garuc' | garineric' |
| Instr | dashtov | dashterov | garov | garinerov |
| Loc | dashtum | dashterum | garum | garinerum |
Two notes:
First, notice that the Ablative form in Eastern Armenian is -ic', where it is -ê in Western Armenian:
Abl.sg WA karê/EA garuc'
Second, notice that in Western Armenian, the plural forms followed the u-declension, while in Eastern Armenian the plural forms follow the i-declension:
Gen.pl WA karineru/EA garineri
Like some other languages such as English, Armenian has definite and indefinite articles. The indefinite article in Eastern Armenian is mi, which precedes the noun:
mi girk' ('a book', Nom.sg), mi grk'i ('of a book', Gen.sg)
The definite article is a suffix attached to the noun, and is one of two forms, either -ë or -n, depending on whether the final sound is a vowel or a consonant, and whether a preceding word begins with a vowel or consonant:
mardë ('the man', Nom.sg)
Adjectives in Armenian do not decline for case or number, and precede the noun:
lav girk'ë ('the good book', Nom.sg)
Verbs in Armenian are based on two basic series of forms, a "present" form and a "imperfect" form. From this, all other tenses and moods are formed with various particles and constructions. There is a third form, the preterite, which in Armenian is tense in its own right, and takes no other particles or constructions. (See also Armenian verbs and Eastern Armenian verb table for more detailed information.)
The present tense in Eastern Armenian is based on two conjugationss (a, e). In Eastern Armenian, the distinct conjugations in e and i merged as e.
Articles
garin ('the barley' Nom.sg)
but:
Sa mardn ê ('This is the man')
Sa garin ê ('This is the barley')Adjectives
lav grk'in ('to the good book', Gen.sg)Verbs
| linel
'to be' | sirel
'to love' | kardal
'to read'
| |
| present participle | sirum | kardum
| |
| yes (I) | em | sirem | kardam
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| du (you.sg) | es | sires | kardas
|
| na (he/she/it) | ê | siri | karda
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| menk' (we) | enk' | sirenk' | kardank'
|
| duk' (you.pl) | ek' | sirek' | kardak'
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| nrank' (they) | en | siren | kardan
|
The present tense (as we know it in English) is made by adding the present tense of linel after the present participle form of the verb:
Yes kardum em girk'ë (I am reading the book)
Yes sirum em da girk'ë (I love this book)
See also
External links