[Editor's note: p, t, k corresponding to EA p', t', k' will be represented that way here for transliteration purposes, meaning that /pʰ/, for example, will look like either p or p'.]
Armenian also features a two-way distinction between its rhotic sounds, /r/ (r') and /ɹ/ (r). Armenian has one lateral approximant, /l/.
There are seven Armenian vowels:
[Editor's note: the orthographic rules of WA distinguish e from ê, even though they are both pronounced /e/, and o from ô, even though they are both pronounced /o/. They will be represented thus, i.e. as distinct graphs.]
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The change in Western Armenian, going from a three-way to a two-way distinction, involves the merging of EA /b/ and /pʰ/ as (WA) /pʰ/, etc.; and, the voicing of Eastern /pʻ/ to (WA) /b/, etc. As a result, a word like jur (EA, 'water') is pronounced (WA) chur, while EA chermak ('white') is WA jermag, and t'or ('grandson') and k'ar ('stone') are pronounced identically in Eastern and Western Armenian.
Another element of both varieties of Armenian is devoicing of final stops and affricates, so that a word like t'az ('crown') is pronounced t'as, and bed (head) as bet.
Western Armenian nouns have six casess: Nominative (subject), Accusative (direct object), Genitive (possession), Dative (indirect object), Ablative (origin) and Instrumental (means). Of the six cases, the nominative and accusative are the same, and the genitive and dative are the same, meaning that nouns have four distinct forms for case. Nouns in Armenian also decline for number (singular and plural), but do not decline for gender (i.e. masculine or feminine).
Declension in Armenian is based on how the genitive is formed. There are several declensions, but two are the most used (genitive in i, and genitive in u):
Like some other languages such as English, Armenian has definite and indefinite articles. The indefinite article in Western Armenian is më, which follows the noun:
mart më ('a man', Nom.sg), martu më ('of a man', Gen.sg)
The definite article is a suffix attached to the noun, and is one of two forms, either -ë or -n, depending on whether the final sound is a vowel or a consonant, and whether a preceding word begins with a vowel or consonant:
martë ('the man', Nom.sg)
The indefinite article becomes mën under the same circumstance as -ë becomes -n:
mart më ('a man', Nom.sg)
Adjectives in Armenian do not decline for case or number, and precede the noun:
lav martë ('the good man', Nom.sg)
Verbs in Armenian are based on two basic series of forms, a "present" form and a "imperfect" form. From this, all other tenses and moods are formed with various particles and constructions. There is a third form, the preterite, which in Armenian is tense in its own right, and takes no other particles or constructions. (See also Armenian verbs for more detailed information.)
The "present" tense in Western Armenian is based on three conjugationss (a, e, i):
The present tense (as we know it in English) is made by adding the particle gë before the "present" form, while the future is made by adding bidi:
Yes gë gartam kirk'ë (I am reading the book, Pres)
Table of contents
2 Morphology
3 See also
Phonology
The phonology of Western Armenian (WA), unlike Eastern Armenian (EA), features a two-way distinction in its stops and affricates (here given with corresponding fricatives):
Stop
Affricate
Fricative
Labial
voiced
b
v
voiceless
pʰ (p)
f
nasal
m
Dental
voiced
d
dz
z
voiceless
tʰ (t)
cʰ (c)
s
nasal
n
Palatal
voiced
ʤ (j)
ʒ (zh)
voiceless
ʧʰ (ch)
ʃ (sh)
Velar
voiced
g
ɣ (gh)
voiceless
kʰ (k)
x (kh)
Glottal
voiceless
h
Front
Central
Back
High
i
u
Mid
e (e, ê)
ə (ë)
o (o, ô)
Low
a Morphology
Nouns
tashd (field)
kari (barley)
singular
plural
singular
plural
Nom-Acc
tashd
tashder
kari
kariner
Gen-Dat
tashdi
tashderu
karu
karineru
Abl
tashdê
tashderê
karê
karinerê
Instr
tashdov
tashderov
karov
karinerov Articles
karin ('the barley' Nom.sg)
but:
Sa martn ê ('This is the man')
Sa karin ê ('This is the barley')
but:
Sa mart mën ê ('This is a man')Adjectives
lav martun ('to the good man', Gen.sg)Verbs
sirel
'to love'
khôsil
'to speak'
gartal
'to read'
yes (I)
sirem
khôsim
gartam
tun (you.sg)
sires
khôsis
gartas
an (he/she/it)
sirê
khôsi
gartay
[pron. 'garta']
menk' (we)
sirenk'
khôsink'
gartank'
tuk' (you.pl)
sirêk'
khôsik'
gartak'
anonk' (they)
siren
khôsin
gartan
Yes bidi gartam kirk'ë (I will read the book, Fut)