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2 Ground crew fatalities 3 See also 4 External links |
The history of human spaceflight has been marred by a number of tragedies that resulted in the deaths of the astronauts or ground crew. As of 2003, in-flight accidents had killed 18 astronauts, training accidents had claimed at least 11 astronauts and launch pad accidents had killed at least 70 ground crew.
The first was on April 24 1967 when Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov was
killed on board Soyuz 1. His one-day mission had been plagued by a series of mishaps with
the new type of spacecraft, which culminated in the capsule's parachute not opening properly
after re-entry. Komarov was killed when the capsule hit the ground. There are persistent rumors that Americann listening posts in Turkey recorded Komarov cursing the spacecraft and the support crew by radio on his way down.
Four years later, on June 30, 1971, the crew of Soyuz 11, Georgi Dobrovolski,
Viktor Patsayev and Vladislav Volkov were killed after un-docking from space station
Salyut 1 after a three-week stay. A valve on their spacecraft had accidentally opened,
allowing their air to leak out into space. The capsule re-entered and landed normally, and
their deaths were only discovered when it was opened by the recovery team.
The first US in-flight disaster came on January 28 1986 when the space shuttle
Challenger was destroyed 75 seconds after launch. Analysis of the
accident showed that a faulty seal ("O-Ring") had allowed hot gasses from one of the shuttle's
booster rockets to weaken the mounting that held the booster to the shuttle's large external
fuel tank. When the mounting failed, the top of the booster rocket struck the fuel tank and
ruptured it. Challenger was torn apart in mid-air with the loss of all seven crew members aboard-
Greg Jarvis, Christa McAuliffe, Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Judith Resnik,
Michael J. Smith, and Dick Scobee.
A second shuttle, Columbia, was lost on February 1 2003 as she re-entered after a two-week mission. Damage to the shuttle's thermal protection tiles led to structural failure in the shuttle's left wing and, ultimately, the spacecraft breaking apart. Investigations after the tragedy revealed that the damage to the tiles had resulted from an incident during launch where a piece of insulation foam had broken away from the external fuel tank and hit the underside of the shuttle's wing. Rick Husband,
William McCool, Michael P. Anderson, David M. Brown, Kalpana Chawla,
Laurel Clark and Ilan Ramon were killed.
In addition to accidents on actual spaceflights, astronauts have been killed while in training.
On March 23, 1961, Valentin Bondarenko became the first space-related casualty of all while undergoing training in a special low-pressure chamber with a pure oxygen atmosphere. Bondarkenko accidentally dropped an alcohol-soaked cloth onto an electric hotplate. In the pure oxygen environment, the fire quickly engulfed the entire chamber. Bondarenko was barely alive when the chamber was opened, and died of his burns in hospital a short time later.
On October 31, 1964, Theodore Freeman was killed when a goose was pulled into the engine of his T-38 jet trainer. Freeman ejected from the stricken aircraft, but was too close to the ground for his parachute to open properly.
The Gemini 9 crew, Elliott See and Charles Bassett were killed whilst attempting to land their T-38 in bad weather on 28 February, 1966. See misjudged his approach, and crashed into the McDonnell aircraft factory.
Another fire claimed the lives of the Apollo 1 crew as they trained in their capsule on January 27 1967. An electrical fault sparked the blaze that again spread quickly in a pure oxygen atmosphere, killing Virgil Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee. At the
time of the accident, Bondarenko's death had been covered up by the Soviet government and was not known about in the US. If only it had been, perhaps the dangers of equipping spacecraft with pure oxygen atmospheres would have been more fully appreciated and the tragedy averted.
In yet another T-38 crash, Clifton Williams was killed on October 5 1967 after a mechanical failure caused his controls to stop responding. He had been assigned to the back-up crew for what would be the Apollo 9 mission and would have most likely been assigned as Lunar Module pilot for Apollo 12. The Apollo 12 mission patch has four stars on it - one each for the three astronauts who flew the mission, and one for Williams.
Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr was named the first African-American astronaut, but he never made it into space. On 8 December 1967, Lawrence died when his F-104 Starfighter jet crashed at Edwards Air Force Base, California.
Michael J. Adams was a pilot in the NASA/USAF X-15 program. On 15 November 1967, on his seventh flight, the plane had an electrical problem and developed control problems. The plane broke up during its overly steep reentry. Adams was posthumously awarded astronaut wings as his flight had passed an altitude of 50 miles.
First man in space Yuri Gagarin was similarly killed on March 27, 1968 when his MiG-15 jet trainer crashed while he prepared for the Soyuz 3 mission.
Apart from actual disasters, a number of missions resulted in some very near misses. These have
included various re-entry mishaps (in particular on Soyuz 5), the sinking of the Mercury 4
capsule, and the Voskhod 2 crew spending a night in dense forest surrounded by wolves.
Additionally:
The Gemini 8 crew narrowly averted disaster on March 17 1966 after a maneuvering thruster would not shut down and put their capsule into an uncontrolled spin.
The rocket that launched Apollo 12 on November 14 1969 was struck by lightning shortly
after lift-off. All on-board systems were temporarily disabled.
In the most celebrated "near miss", the Apollo 13 crew came home safely after an explosion on
April 14, 1970 crippled their spacecraft en route to the moon. They survived the loss of
most of their spacecraft systems by relying on the Lunar Module to provide life-support and power
for the trip home.
On April 5 1975, the Soyuz 18a mission nearly ended in disaster when the rocket
malfunctioned during launch. The Soyuz's escape system pulled the capsule clear, but subjected the
crew to an extremely rough return to earth.
On October 16 1976, the Soyuz 23 capsule broke through the surface of a frozen lake and was dragged underwater by its parachute. The crew was saved after a very difficult rescue operation.
Another Soyuz crew was saved by their escape system on 26 September 1983, when the rocket
that was to carry their Soyuz TM-10 mission into space caught fire on the launch pad.
Various accidents have also occurred aboard space stations, most notably a depressurisation
that occurred aboard Mir on June 25 1997 when a Progress freighter collided with
the station.
On March 18, 1980 a Vostok rocket exploded on its launch pad during a fueling operation killing 48 people.
On October 15, 2002, a Soyuz rocket exploded 29 seconds after liftoff from Plesetsk, killing one soldier on the ground and injuring eight others.
On August 22, 2003 an unmanned rocket set to carry two satellites into orbit exploded on its launchpad in Brazil killing 21 technicians.
On October 24, 1960 a rocket exploded on a Soviet launchpad killing 126 people in what is known in the West as the Nedelin catastrophe. While once thought to have been space-related based (on the little information available outside the Soviet Union) it later emerged that the accident was connected with the development of a new ICBM.
Claims are made that several other Russian ground crew died in other accidents.Fatalities
In-flight accidents
Training accidents
Near misses
Other Accidents
Ground crew fatalities
Many spacecraft and their boosters have been destroyed in accidents on launch pads. Other Accidents