LU decomposition
LU decomposition, or
Doolittle decomposition is the process of decomposing a
matrix into a
product of an
upper-triangular matrix U and a
lower triangular matrix L. LU decomposition is
LUP decomposition, where
P is the
identity matrix. In this article, it is represented by the variable
T.
Factorization
The basic line of thought to get this upper and lower triangular matrix is as follows.
Using gaussian elimination on a matrix A we actually apply a number of elementary matrix transformations to obtain an upper triangular matrix U and then use back substitution to quickly solve the problem.
Suppose T is the product of all elementary transformations and applying it to A, this gives us:
- TAx=Tb, with TA=U, upper triangular,
- resulting in Ux=Tb.
The
gaussian elimination algorithm uses only the third form of the three
elementary matrix transformations to make
TA upper triangular. Using the properties of these elementary transformations, we calculate the inverse of
T which shows us it is a lower triangular matrix
L which can be added to the left and right side of the previous equation resulting in:
- Ux=T1 T2 ... Tn b, with T1-1 T2-1 ... Tn-1 = L
- ⇒ LUx=b.
Solving
Once the upper and lower triangular matrices are known, solving this equation becomes very efficient as it can be split up into:
- Lz=b using forward substitution
and
- Ux=x using backward substition, both solvable in O(n2) time.
Applications
The matrices L and U can be used to calculate the matrix inverse. Computer implementations that invert matrices often use this approach.
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