See also : marketing, pricing, cost-plus pricing, production, costs, and pricing 
As a Fixed Amount
assume: 
 retail list price = $1.99 and the product cost is $1.40 
 MARKUP = price - cost 
                   1.99 - 1.40 = .59 
 assume the actual selling price was $1.60 
MARKDOWN = List price - selling price 
                           1.99 - 1.60 = .39 
 INITIAL MARKUP = list price - cost 
                                  1.99 - 1.40 = .59 
 MAINTAINED MARKUP = sale price - cost 
                                          1.60 -1.40 = .20 
As a Percentage
INITIAL MARKUP % = initial markup / sale price 
                                     .59 / 1.99 = 29% 
 MAINTAINED MARKUP % = maintained markup / sale price 
                                               .20 / 1.60 = 13% 
 MARKUP % ON COST = markup / cost 
                                         .59 / 1.40 = 42% 
 MARKUP % ON PRICE = markup / price 
                                           .59 / 1.99 = 29% 
 To convert from markup on price to markup on cost: 
 MARKUP ON COST = markup % on price / 1 - markup % on price 
                                     .29 / (1 - .29) = 42% 
 To convert from markup on cost to markup on price: 
 MARKUP ON PRICE = markup % on cost / 1 + markup % on cost 
                                     .42 / (1 + .42 ) = .29 
 PRICE = cost / 1 - markup % on price 
               1.40 / (1 - .29) = 1.99 
 COST = price / 1 + markup % on cost 
               1.99 / (1 + .42) = 1.40 
 PRICE = markup / markup % on price 
               .59 / .29 = 1.99
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