Momentum is the Noether charge of translational invariance. As such, even fields as well as other things can have momentum, not just particles. However, in curved spacetime which isn't asymptotically Minkowski, momentum isn't defined at all.
In physics, momentum is a physical quantity related to the velocity and mass of an object.
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2 Momentum in relativistic mechanics 3 Momentum in quantum mechanics 4 Figurative use |
In classical mechanics, momentum (traditionally written as p) is defined as the product of mass and velocity. It is thus a vector quantity.
The SI unit of momentum is newton-seconds, which can alternatively be expressed with the units kg.m/s.
An impulse changes the momentum of an object. An impulse is calculated as the integral of force with respect to duration.
It is commonly believed that the physical laws should be invariant under translationss. Thus, the definition of momentum was changed when Einstein formulated Special relativity so that its magnitude would remain invariant under relativistic transformations. See physical conservation law. We now define a vector, called the 4-momentum thus:
The "length" of the vector that remains constant is defined thus:
In quantum mechanics momentum is defined as an operator on the wave function. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle defines limits on how accurately the momentum and position of a single observable system can be known at once.