The Pakeha Invasion of the Waikato in 1863 lead almost inevitably to the Tauranga Campaign. Neither of these conflicts finished cleanly but in their turn also sparked a series of Pakeha/Maori incidents in other parts of the Island However the conflict in Taranaki also had its roots in the First Taranaki War. This war had ended in an uneasy truce when the two sides had fought each other to a standstill and neither side could see any point in continuing to fight. However neither side bothered to fulfill any of the terms of the truce; many of the issues were left unresolved and, almost inevitably, the scene was set for another round of fighting.
In fact the truce that ended the first war did no more than reduce the scale of fighting. The Maori continued to attack and kill Settlers while the Army and the Settler Militia continued their raids on Maori villages and Pa.
However from about 1862 a new factor entered the equation; the growth of the Pai Mariri or Hau Hau Movement. The Pai Marire began as a religious movement, a combination of traditional Maori beliefs with Christianity; originally pacifist in outlook it was mutated by the times and when in 1864, it reached Southern Taranaki it had become both violent and vehemently anti-Pakeha.
The Colonial Government did a lot to provoke this mutation. The relative success of the Waikato War had given them the strength to confiscate vast area of Maori land, not merely from the belligerent tribe but also from neutral and even friendly tribes. Naturally this stirred up enormous antagonism and contributed directly to another eight years of intermittent conflict.
6th April, 1864, a few kilometers south of New Plymouth. A party of militia and settlers had spent the morning destroying Maori crops, part of a scorched-earth policy to force the Maori to retreat by denying them food. While they were resting from their labours, apparently without lookouts, the owners of the crop crept up behind them and opened fire, killing seven and wounding twelve.
30th April 1864
Pay back time. This battle was in many ways a complete reversal of the usual scenario in British-Maori warfare. The British and Settler troops seventy of them, were secure in a well built redoubt; the Maori were attacking across open country into the killing ground. They even fired their guns in advance to give any neutral Maori a chance to get out of the way but it also warned the British defenders. In a few moments fifty Maori were killed and as many wounded. The British lost one soldier killed and no other casualties.
Pai Marire faith, or lack of it, were the reason for this fiasco. The Hau Hau warriors apparently believed that if their faith was strong enough the Pakeha bullets would be diverted harmlessly away from them.
14th May 1864.
This battle involved two Maori tribes fighting each other but none the less was very much a part of the Maori-Pakeha Wars..
The town of [[Wanganui}} was by now a prosperous settlement which was essential to the economy of the Maori tribes living on the lower reaches of the Wanganui River around the town. When the tribes on the upper reaches of the river converted to Hau Hauism they decided to burn the town and drive the Pakeha into the sea. The tribes along the lower river made it clear they were not having this and would oppose the Hau Hau war party.
Interestingly they reverted to traditional Maori warfare practices, a formal battle at a pre-arranged place and time, Moutoa Island on the Wanganui River. One hundred of the defenders arrived first and took up position across the island.. Then 120 Hau Hau warriors crossed and landed on the north end of the Island.. The ceremonial haka, challenge and response, were then performed.. Still believing they were invulnerable the Hau Hau then advanced onto the defenders guns. When the smoke cleared two thirds of them were dead or wounded including their prophet and the rest were in retreat.
Wanganui was saved and the grateful townsfolk erected a monument to the fifteen Maori who had been killed defending them.
These incidents achieved very little but they made everyone realise that Taranaki was still a theatre of war. Early in 1865 the colonial government started moving troop into the Wanganui region with a view to pacifying the Southern Taranaki region.. In the last week of January General Cameron and 1200 men marched some twenty km north from Wanganui and set up camp. Here they wee attacked by a force of possibly 400 Maori on two successive days. Although the British defended themselves effectively they suffered almost sixty casualties.. General Cameron was also disturbed by the apparent change in Maori tactics. He ordered a retreat to a more defensible situation and awaited the arrival of reinforcements.
20-21 July 1865
This move forced wide open the differences between the Colonial Government lead by Sir George Grey and the Imperial troops lead by General Cameron.. Grey ordered the army to advance and attack a major Maori Pa at Weraroa.. After his experiences with Pateragi Pa Invasion of the Waikato and Gate Pa, Tauranga Campaign Cameron was not having this, he knew that such an attack would be extremely costly and also achieve very little in that he did not have the resources to prevent the majority of the Maori from escaping. In early February Cameron resigned, he took no further part in the fighting and returned to Auckland in August of that year. However influence prevailed and the troops advanced extremely slowly, taking two month to cover sixty miles, one hundred km. They were attacked once more by a force of Hau Hau, at Te Ngaio, but were better prepared and inflicted heavy casualties. Despite this the Government was unable to persuade them to leave their base on the coast and attack the Maori inland.
In late July a small group of colonial militia, attacked and captured a small Maori village behind Weraroa Pa. Since it was by now obvious that the Imperial troops were not going to attack the Pa it had lost its strategic significance and the Maori abandoned it. Despite this it was reported as a great victory for Grey and the Colonial forces and widened even further the rift between Grey and British Imperial Troops. Basically the troops were very reluctant to be used as the tools to confiscate Maori land. In this they wer upheld by the Imperial Government in London who maintained that their role was peace keeping not conquest.
The attack on Weraroa Pa is quite significant in terms of New Zealand history. The initiative for the attack came from the Ngatihau, not to be confused with the Hau Hau Movement. NgatiHau were the tribe who had successfully defended Wanganui from a Hau Hau war party the previous year. The Hau Hau Pa at Weraroa was seen as an encroachment upon their territory and Mana. They wanted to destroy it. Governor Grey said no but they went ahead anyway. Grey hurried down to Wanganui and did everything he could to organize and ensure the success of the attack. A combined force of Maori and Pakeha were assembled, 450 men fighting as allies. Major Rookes was in overall command but the effective leadership was provided by Captain Thomas McDonell and Kepa Te Rangihiwinui. Due to a combination of circumstances complete surprise was achieved and the village was captured without any casualties. The Hau Hau then abandoned the Pa without a fight.
This successful cooperation between friendly Maori and Colonial Militia , sometimes as allies, sometimes as an integrated force and sometimes independently continued and developed during the remaining years of the conflict. At the time they were sometimes called Kupapa, a term meaning “to be neutral in a quarrel” but the word is seldom used these days. Unfortunately in contemporary history the important role of the Maori allies in securing the supremacy of the colonial government is often ignored.
Thomas McDonnell and Kepa te Rangihiwinui, later known as Major Kepa for that is the rank he achieved in the Armed Constabularly were to prove a formidable combination. McDonnell had originally been a sheep farmer in Hawkes Bay while Kepa was the fighting chief, warlord, of the Wanganui Maori. For the next five years they fought together in almost every theatre of the New Zealand Wars. Shortly after the events being described here they were together shipped off to the other side of the country to deal with the insurgency following the Volkner Incident During Te Kooti's War McDonnell was at one stage appointed commander of all the New Zealand forces in the field. Even with overwhelming superiority he refused to start fighting until Kepa had arrived with his men.
19 – 30 July 1865.
Meanwhile on the other side of Wanganui a force of about 1000 Hau Hau warriors were attacking a force of 200 colonial militia lead by Captain Brassey. At Pipiriki. This seems to have been a very strange affair as the attacking Hau Hau appear to have lost or abandoned all their military skill and wisdom. The defenders were spread between three redoubts, they were short of ammunition and had no internal water supply. The Hau Hau quickly captured a hill top over looking the principal redoubt from where they accurately ire down upon the defenders. However they were easily driven from the hill top and then they established a perimeter surrounding the four positions but at a range of about five hundred meters which allowed the defenders access to water. It also meant they could move men between the different positions as needed.. After eleven days relief arrived, the defenders were short of food but otherwise in good spirits. They had suffered only two wounded and no deaths.
But the potential had been there for a major defeat for the Colonial forces. However to quote Maxwell
“At Pipiriki Hau Hauism revealed itself for what it had become – a regressive cult, dysfunctional and malevolent. The cult inspired its devotees to pray for results its leaders made no rational plans to achieve”
True but the Hau Hau leadership was not always to be so ineffective.
There was a lull in the fighting for a few months. Meanwhile Major General Chute took command of the British forces and they once more began to play an active role in the conflict.. On 3 January, 1866 a combined force of Imperial Troops, Colonial Militia and Maori Allies marched out of Wanganui following the route taken by Cameron a year earlier but much more aggressively.. By 15 January they had destroyed three Hau Hau settlements. As they continued their march through southern Taranaki they burnt every Maori village they came to, destroyed the crops and killed anyone who resisted.
The expedition then took a bizarre turn. Taranaki Province is shaped like a large triangle sticking westwards from the body of the North Island. New Plymouth is at the northern end of the base of the triangle and Wanganui at the southern end. Most of the area of the triangle is filled with a bloody great mountain, Mt Taranaki or Egmont. Until this time all travel between the two settlements had been by sea. No Pakeha had ever traversed the base of the triangle.
This is what Chute set out to do, force a way across country from Southern Taranaki to the New Plymouth area.. The weather was good, the distance was known to be only about sixty miles, 100 km, and they were well equipped. Even their food supplies seemed adequate, enough for two and half days. It wasn't. The weather turned bad and the country turned out to be extremely difficult, steep slippery gullies and thick bush. They ate the horses and then they starved until a relief expedition from New Plymouth met them with supplies. General Chute very nearly became one of the few army commanders who managed to lose his army without any assistance from the enemy.
None the less this was hailed as a great triumph largely because of the contrast with General Cameron's caution the previous year. In truth the experience tended to vindicate Cameron, a large army was unlikely to operate successfully in the New Zealand bush.
This was the last active role the Imperial Army played in the New Zealand Wars, within a few months the regiments had all been withdrawn. But not necessarily the soldiers, many of the men chose to take their discharge in New Zealand and become settlers. Or members of the Colonial Militia, the new New Zealand Army.
June to November 1866
Major McDonnell was placed in command of the New Zealand forces in the area., Maori and Pakeha. They reoccupied the redoubts built by Cameron the previous year and from these bases began systematically scouring the bush. This meant approaching Hau Hau villages, surprise attacks, the killing of everyone who resisted, burning the houses and destroying the food supplies.. The tribes either surrendered or withdrew towards the mountain. By October the men were sick of their task and McDonnell was being called to account for some of the atrocities committed. The fighting ended in November although it was hard to describe what replaced it as Peace.
This was the end of the Second Taranaki War. The Third Taranaki War began two years later, it is generally known as Tikowaru's WarAmbush
Sentry Hill
Moutoa Island
Weraroa Pa
The Siege of Paparika.
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