Holmium

Holmium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. A rare earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and gadolinite.

Table of contents

1 Notable characteristics
2 Applications
3 History
4 Occurrence
5 Precautions
6 References
7 External links

Notable characteristics

A trivalent metallic rare earth element, holmium has has the highest magnetic moment (10.6�B) of any naturally occurring element and possesses other unusual magnetic properties. When combined with yttrium, it forms highly magnetic compounds.

Holmium is a relatively soft and malleable element that fairly corrosion-resistant and stable in dry air at standard temperature and pressure. It, however, quickly oxidizes in moist air and at higher temperatures (forming a yellowish oxide). When in pure form, holmium possesses a metallic to bright silvery luster.

Applications

Because of its magnetic properties, holmium has been used to create the strongest artificially-generated magnetic fields when it was placed within high strength magnets as a magnetic pole piece (also called a magnetic flux concentrator). Since it can absorb nuclear fission-bred neutrons, the element is also used in nuclear control rods. Other commercial applications of the element include;

It's very high magnetic moment is employed in yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) and yttrium-lanthanum-fluoride (YLF) solid state lasers used in microwave equipment (which in turn is used in a variety of medical and dental settings).
Holmium oxide is used as a yellow glass coloring.

Few other uses have been identified for this element.

History

Holmium (Holmia, Latin name for Stockholm) was discovered by Marc Delafontaine and Jacques Louis Soret in 1878 who noticed the special absorption bands of the then unknown element (they called it "Element X"). Later in 1878, Per Theodor Cleve independently discovered the element while he was working on erbia earth (erbium oxide).

Using the method developed by Carl Gustaf Mosander, Cleve first removed all of the known contaminants from erbia. The result of that effort was two new materials, one brown and one green. He named the brown substance holmia (after the Latin name for Cleve's home town, Stockholm) and the green one thulia. Holmia was later found to be the holmium oxide and thulia was thulium oxide.

Occurrence

Like all other rare earths, holmium is not naturally found as a free element. It does occur combined with other elements in the minerals gadolinite, monazite, and in other rare-earth minerals. It is commercially extracted via ion-exchange from monazite sand (0.05% holmium) but is still difficult to separate from other rare earths. The element has been isolated through the reduction of its anhydrous chloride or fluoride with metallic calcium. It's estimated abundance in the Earth's crust is 1.3 milligrams per kilogram.

Precautions

The element, as with other rare earths, appears to have a low acute toxic rating. Holmium plays no biological role in humans. but may be able to stimulate metabolism.

References

Los Alamos National Laboratory - Holmium
Guide to the Elements - Revised Edition, Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1
It's Elemental - Holmium

External links

WebElements.com - Holmium (also used as a reference)
EnvironmentalChemistry.com - Holmium (also used as a reference)
American Elements - Holmium (also used as a reference)