Tin

General

Name, Symbol, Number

Tin, Sn, 50

Chemical series

True metals

Group, Period, Block

14 (IVA), 5 , p

Density, Hardness

7310 kg/m³, 1.5

Appearance

silvery lustrous gray

Atomic Properties

Atomic weight

118.710 amu

Atomic radius (calc.)

145 (145) pm

Covalent radius

141 pm

van der Waals radius

217 pm

Electron configuration

[Kr]44 d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²

e^- 's per energy level

2, 8, 18, 18, 4

Oxidation states (Oxide)

4,2 (amphoteric)

Crystal structure

Tetragonal

Physical Properties

State of matter

Solid

Melting point

505.08 K (449.47 �F)

Boiling point

2875 K (4716 �F)

Molar volume

16.29 ×1010^-3 m³/mol

Heat of vaporization

295.8 kJ/mol

Heat of fusion

7.029 kJ/mol

Vapor pressure

5.78 E-21 Pa at 505 K

Speed of sound

2500 m/s at 293.15 K

Miscellaneous

Electronegativity

1.96 (Pauling scale)

Specific heat capacity

228 J/(kg*K)

Electrical conductivity

9.17 10⁶/m ohm

Thermal conductivity

66.6 W/(m*K)

1^st ionization potential

708.6 kJ/mol

2^nd ionization potential

1411.8 kJ/mol

3^rd ionization potential

2943.0 kJ/mol

4^th ionization potential

3930.3 kJ/mol

5^th ionization potential

7456 kJ/mol

Most Stable Isotopes

iso	NA	half-life	DM	DE M eV	DP
¹¹²Sn	0.97%	Sn is stable with 62 neutrons
¹¹⁴Sn	0.65%	Sn is stable with 64 neutrons
¹¹⁵Sn	0.34%	Sn is stable with 65 neutrons
¹¹⁶Sn	14.54%	Sn is stable with 66 neutrons
¹¹⁷Sn	7.68%	Sn is stable with 67 neutrons
¹¹⁸Sn	24.23%	Sn is stable with 68 neutrons
¹¹⁹Sn	8.59%	Sn is stable with 69 neutrons
¹²⁰Sn	32.59%	Sn is stable with 70 neutrons
meta state 0.006 MeV		55 y	IT Beta^-	0.006 0.394	¹²¹Sb
¹²²Sn	4.63%	Sn is stable with 72 neutrons
¹²⁴Sn	5.79%	Sn is stable with 74 neutrons
¹²⁶Sn	{syn.}	~1 E5 y	Beta^-	0.380	¹²⁶Sb

SI units & STP are used except where noted.

Tin is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. This silvery, malleable true metal that is not easily oxidized in air and resists corrosion is found in many alloys and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion. Tin is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite where it occurs as an oxide.

Table of contents

1 Notable Characteristics
2 Allotropes
3 Applications
4 History
5 Occurrence
6 Isotopes
7 Precautions
8 External Links

Notable Characteristics

Tin is a malleable, ductile, highly crystalline, silvery-white metal whose crystal structure causes a "tin cry" when a bar of tin is bent (caused by crystals breaking). This metal resists corrosion from distilled sea and soft tap water, but can be attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and by acid salts. Tin acts as a catalyst when oxygen is in solution and helps accelerate chemical attack.

Tin forms Sn₂ is when it is heated in the presence of air. Sn₂, in turn, is feebly acidic and forms stannate (tin) salts with basic oxides. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals in order to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. This metal combines directly with chlorine and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids. Tin is malleable at ordinary temperatures but is brittle when it is heated.

Allotropes

Solid tin has two allotropes at normal pressure. At low temperatures it exists as gray or alpha tin, which has a cubic crystal structure similar to silicon and germanium. When warmed above that 13.2 �C it changes into white or beta tin, which is metallic and has a tetragonal structure. It slowly changes back to the gray form when cooled, which is called the tin pest or tin disease. However, this transformation is affected by impurities such as aluminum and zinc and can be prevented from occurring through the addition of antimony or bismuth.

Applications

Tin bonds readily to iron, and has been used for coating lead or zinc and steel to prevent corrosion. Tin-plated steel containers are widely used for food preservation, and this forms a large part of the market for metallic tin. Other uses;

Some important tin alloys are; bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal, die casting alloy, pewter, phosphor bronze, soft solder, and White metal.
The most important salt formed is tin chloride, which has found use as a reducing agent and as a mordant in the calico printing process. Electrically conductive coatings are produced when tin salts are sprayed onto glass. These coatings have been used in panel lighting and in the production of frost-free windshields.
Window glass is most often made via floating molten glass on top of molten tin (float glass) in order to make a flat surface (this is called the Pilkington process).
Tin is also used in solders for joining pipess or electrical/electronic circuits, in bearing alloys, in glass-making, and in a wide range of tin chemical applications.

Tin becomes a superconductor below 3.72 K. In fact, tin was one of the first superconductors to be studied; the Meissner effect, one of the characteristic features of superconductors, was first discovered in superconducting tin crystals. The niobium-tin alloy Nb₃Sn is commercially used as wires for superconducting magnets, due to the material's high critical temperature (18K) and critical magnetic field (25 T). A superconducting magnet weighing only a couple of kilograms is capable of producing magnetic fields comparable to a conventional electromagnet weighing tons.

History

Tin (anglo-Saxon, tin, Latin stannum) is one of the earliest metals known and was used as a component of bronze from antiquity. Because of its hardening effect on copper, tin was used in bronze implements as early as 3,500 BC. A thriving tin trade existed in Classical times between the mines in Cornwall and the civilizations of the Mediterranean. However the pure metal was not used until about 600 BC.

Occurrence

About 35 countries mine tin throughout the world. Nearly every continent has an important tin-mining country. Tin is produced by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. This metal is a relatively scarce element with an abundance in the earth's crust of about 2 ppm, compared with 94 ppm for zinc, 63 ppm for copper, and 12 ppm for lead. Most of the world's tin is produced from placer deposits; at least one-half comes from Southeast Asia. The only mineral of commercial importance as a source of tin is cassiterite (SnO₂), although small quantities of tin are recovered from complex sulfides such as stanite, cylindrite, frankeite, canfieldite, and teallite. Secondary, or scrap, tin is also an important source of the tin.

Isotopes

Ordinary tin is made of nine stable isotopes and there are 18 unstable isotopes in addition to this that are also known.

Precautions

The small amount of tin that is found in canned foods is not harmful to humans. Tri alkyl and triaryl tin compounds are biocides and need to be handled with care.

External Links

See also: International Tin Council, tinned